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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is a powerful instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level. Its development in 1981 earned its inventors, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer (at IBM Zürich), the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986. For an STM, good resolution is considered to be 0.1 nm lateral resolution and 0.01 nm depth resolution. With this resolution, individual atoms within materials are routinely imaged and manipulated. The STM can be used not only in ultra high vacuum but also in air, water, and various other liquid or gas ambients, and at temperatures ranging from near zero kelvin to a few hundred degrees Celsius. ... Read more

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India Absolute Zerp Population India will be number one in population in 2025. China will be number two. For India it is nothing to be proud about if the problems of populations cannot be solved.Prevention is better than cure. Why keep working unsuccessfully to solve and cure problems due to population. For 53 years since independence of India in 1947, this problem can be prevented in the first place by 'Absolute Zero Population'India has 340 million population below the age of 14 years. It is the only nation in the world with high young age population. My book is dedicated to 340 million Indians below the age of 14 years of age.First Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru has not addressed to the population problem. Indira Gandhi has tried. Present Prime Minister Vajpayee or BJP has not. Administration does not care to solve.The formula or recipe for the population control by 'Absolute Zero Population' will equally be applicable to other nations in the world, with runaway increase in population. ... Read more

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Chapters: Empty set, Absolute zero, 0, Null set, Zero divisor, Zero-based numbering, Derivative of a constant, Parity of zero, Division by zero, Names for the number 0 in English, Zero-product property, Signed zero, Empty sum, Slashed zero, Bottom type, Nilpotent, Additive identity, Empty string, List of zero terms, Zero-dimensional space, Zero morphism, Trailing zero, Root of a function, Leading zero, Null vector, Zero set, Zero matrix, Empty semigroup, Zero suppression, /dev/zero, Trivial ring, Zero game,. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 171. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Zero is an even number. In other words, its parity-the quality of an integer being even or odd-is even. Zero fits the definition of "even number": it is an integer multiple of 2. As a result, zero exhibits the properties shared by all even numbers: 0 is evenly divisible by 2, 0 is surrounded on both sides by odd integers, 0 is the sum of an integer with itself, and 0 objects can be split into two equal groups. Zero fits into the rules for sums and products of even numbers, such as , so any alternate definition of "even number" would still need to include zero. Within the even numbers, zero plays a central role: it is the identity element of the group of even integers, and it is the starting case from which other even natural numbers are recursively generated. Every integer divides 0, including each power of 2; in this sense, 0 is the "most even" number of all. Among non-mathematicians, the parity of 0 is less widely understood than the parity of 2 or 3. In reaction time experiments, most subjects are slower to identify 0 as even than other even numbers. Both students and teachers in primary education are prone to a misconception that the parity of zero is ambiguous, or simply that zero is odd. Several researcher...http://booksllc.net/?id=13259237 ... Read more

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The “Gale Encyclopedia of Science” is written at a level somewhere between the introductory sources and the highly technical texts currently available. This six-volume set covers all major areas of science and engineering, as well as mathematics and the medical and health sciences, while providing a comprehensive overview of current scientific knowledge and technology. Alphabetically arranged entries provide a user-friendly format that makes the broad scope of information easy to access and decipher. Entries typically describe scientific concepts, provide overviews of scientific areas and, in some cases, define terms.

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Absolute zero is the coldest temperature theoretically possible. It cannot be reached by artificial or natural means, because it is impossible to decouple a system fully from the rest of the universe. Technically, it is a temperature marked by a 0 entropy configuration. When defined in terms of entropy, Temperature is a quantity that determines the number of thermodynamically possible states of a system within an energy range. Thus, absolute zero possesses quantum mechanical zero-point energy. Having a limited temperature has several thermodynamic consequences; for example, at absolute zero all molecular motion does not cease but does not have enough energy for transference to other systems. It is therefore correct to say that molecular energy is minimal at absolute zero. By international agreement, absolute zero is defined as precisely 0 K on the Kelvin scale, which is a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale, and ?273.15° on the Celsius scale. Absolute zero is also precisely equivalent to 0 R on the Rankine scale (same as Kelvin but measured in Fahrenheit intervals), and ?459.67° on the Fahrenheit scale. ... Read more