41. Isis 61, 1970-80, 1989 in Isis 69, 1978, p. 257 Mohammad YADEGARI, The Use of Mathematical Induction byabu kamil shuja Ibn Aslam (850930), in Isis 69, 1978, p. 259 Book Reviews, p http://www.phil.uni-erlangen.de/~p1ges/zfhm/isis3.html

Isis bearbeitet von Stuart Jenks "Magazine Stacks", to which this file belongs, is a protected databank. The law on protected databanks prohibits commercial use as well as mirroring (copying onto other servers) even if for purposes of academic instruction. If you would like to subscribe to this journal, please contact: University of Chicago Press Journals Division P.O. Box 37005 Chicago, IL, 60637 USA Oder besuchen Sie die Netzseite des Verlags: Or click onto the publisher's website: University of Chicago Press ZDB-Link Isis 61, 1970 Martin J.S. R UDWICK The Strategy of Lyell's Principles of Geology, in: Isis 61, 1970, p. 5 J. Brookes S PENCER On the Varieties of Nineteenth-Century Magneto-Optical Discovery , in: Isis 61, 1970, p. 34 John E. F LETCHER Astronomy in the Life and Correspondence of Athanasius Kircher , in: Isis 61, 1970, p. 52 John L YON , in: Isis 61, 1970, p. 68 Albert V. C AROZZI Robert Hooke, Rudolf Erich Raspe and the Concept of "Earthquakes" , in: Isis 61, 1970, p. 85 Lay Yong L AM The Geometrical Basis of Ancient Chinese Square-Root Method , in: Isis 61, 1970, p. 92

42. History Of Islamic Science 165, 1902). ABU KAMIL abu kamil shuja ibn Aslam ibn Mohammed ibn Shujaalhasib al-Misri, i. e., the Egyptian calculator. He originated http://www.omarfoundation.org/Culture/History Science.htm

Islamic Contributions to Science Islam a Global Civilization History of Islamic Science George Sarton's Tribute to Muslim Scientists in the "Introduction to the History of Science," "It will suffice here to evoke a few glorious names without contemporary equivalents in the West: Jabir ibn Haiyan, al-Kindi, al-Khwarizmi, al-Fargani, al-Razi, Thabit ibn Qurra, al-Battani, Hunain ibn Ishaq, al-Farabi, Ibrahim ibn Sinan, al-Masudi, al-Tabari, Abul Wafa, 'Ali ibn Abbas, Abul Qasim, Ibn al-Jazzar, al-Biruni, Ibn Sina, Ibn Yunus, al-Kashi, Ibn al-Haitham, 'Ali Ibn 'Isa al-Ghazali, al-zarqab, Omar Khayyam. A magnificent array of names which it would not be difficult to extend. If anyone tells you that the Middle Ages were scientifically sterile, just quote these men to him, all of whom flourished within a short period, 750 to 1100 A.D." Preface On 8 June, A.D. 632, the Prophet Mohammed (Peace and Prayers be upon Him) died, having accomplished the marvelous task of uniting the tribes of Arabia into a homogeneous and powerful nation.

43. Mathématiciens Translate this page Abu Kamil. Domaine algèbre. abu kamil shuja est né en Égypte en 850 et est décédéen 930, à l'âge de 80 ans. On le surnommait le calculateur égyptien. http://www.csm.qc.ca/rescol/maths/999.htm

Euclide d'Alexandrie Conon de Samos Apollonius de Perga Diophante d'Alexandrie ... Abu Kamil Euclide d'Alexandrie www.chronomath.irem.uni-mrs.fr/chronomath/archimede.html www.coll-ferry-montlucon.pays-ailler.com/gdscient.htm www.chronomath.irem.uni-mrs.fr/chronomath/archimede.html Montage : Anja Jungermann perso.nv2r.com/Whitehead/ whitehead-origines-sciences1.htm www.infoscience.fr/histoire/biograph/biograph.php3?Ref=4 chronomath.irem.univ-mrs.fr/chronomath/archimede.html cou-ferry-montlucon.pays-allier.com/gd6cient.htm Carine Dansereau Montage : Anja Jungermann Conon de Samos Savez-vous quelle est la date de naissance et celle de la mort de Conon de Samos? Et bien, vous allez le savoir tout de suite. Pas de photo disponible chronomath.irem.univ-mrs.fr/chronomath/Conon.html www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Conon.html Caroline Ledoux Catherine St-Jean Montage : Joannie Lemay Lemonde Domaine : astronomie http://etab.ac-orleans-tours.fr/clg-bruant-courtenay/creations/histmath/eratothene.htm http://fr.encyclopedia.yahoo.com/articles/kh/kh_p0.html

44. Biography Of Abu Kamil vols. 2 supps. New York Charles Scribner's Sons, 19701990. Sv AbuKamil shuja ibn Aslam Ibn Muhammad Ibn shuja by Martin Levey. http://www.lib.virginia.edu/science/parshall/kamil.html

Biography of Abu Kamil Virtually no biographical information is available on Abu Kamil, who lived between the years 850 and 930. MAIN DOCUMENT CONTENTS FIRST MENTION To return to place in document from which you came, click on your browser's BACK BUTTON. Selected Biographical References Gillispie, Charles C. ed. The Dictionary of Scientific Biography , 16 vols. 2 supps. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1970-1990. S.v. "Abu Kamil Shuja ibn Aslam Ibn Muhammad Ibn Shuja" by Martin Levey.

45. Introduction To Islam aljabr wa'l-muqabalah. abu kamil al-shuja' discussed algebraic equationswith five unknowns. The science was further developed http://www.iad.org/Islam/math.html

THE MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES AND PHYSICS The Muslim mind has always been attracted to the mathematical sciences in accordance with the "abstract" character of the doctrine of Oneness which lies at the heart of Islam. The mathematical sciences have traditionally included astronomy, mathematics itself and much of what is called physics today. In astronomy the Muslims integrated the astronomical traditions of the Indians, Persians, the ancient Near East and especially the Greeks into a synthesis which began to chart a new chapter in the history of astronomy from the 8th century onward. The Almagest of Ptolemy, whose very name in English reveals the Arabic origin of its Latin translation, was thoroughly studied and its planetary theory criticized by several astronomers of both the eastern and western lands of Islam leading to the major critique of the theory by Nasir al-Din Al-Tusi and his students, especially Qutb al-Din Al-Shirazi, in the 13th century. Astronomical observations also had practical applications including not only finding the direction of Makkah for prayers, but also devising almanacs (the word itself being of Arabic origin). The Muslims also applied their astronomical knowledge to questions of time-keeping and the calendar. The most exact solar calendar existing to this day is the Jalali calendar devised under the direction of 'Umar Khayyam in the 12th century and still in use in Persia and Afghanistan. The Muslims also excelled in geometry as reflected in their art. The brothers Banu Musa who lived in the 9th century may be said to be the first outstanding Muslim geometers while their contemporary Thabit ibn Qurrah used the method of exhaustion, giving a glimpse of what was to become integral calculus. Many Muslim mathematicians such as Khayyam and al-Tusi also dealt with the fifth postulate of Euclid and the problems which follow if one tries to prove this postulate within the confines of Euclidian geometry.

46. Salaam Knowledge His kamil al s Al Tirmizi abu Isa Muhammad Bin Isa, 893, The author of one ofthe Ud Daulah Nawab, 1784 - 1797, The ruler of Oudh, son of Nawab shuja-ud-daul http://www.salaam.co.uk/knowledge/biography/bio_letter.php?letter=a

47. Islam And Sciences aljahr wa'l-muqabalah. abu kamil al-shuja' discussed algebraic equationswith five unknowns. The science was further developed http://www.islam.r2.ru/revival1.htm

Islam and Sciences In astronomy the Muslims integrated the astronomical traditions of the Indians, Persians, the ancient Near East and especially the Greeks into a synthesis which began to chart a new chapter in the history of astronomy from the 8th century onward. The Almagest of Ptolemy, whose very name in English reveals the Arabic origin of its Latin translation, was thoroughly studied and its planetary theory criticized by several astronomers of both the eastern and western lands of Islam leading to the major critique of the theory by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and his students, especially Qutb alDin al-Shirazi, in the 13th century. Astronomical observations also had practical applications including not only finding the direction of Makkah for prayers, but also devising almanacs (the word itself being of Arabic origin). The Muslims also applied their astronomical knowledge to questions of time-keeping and the calendar. The most exact solar calendar existing to this day is the Jalali calendar devised under the direction of 'Umar Khayyam in the 12th century and still in use in Persia and Afghanistan. Mathematics, Algebra

48. A/43/176-S/19547 Of 26 February 1988 Ali Audah AlGhazal Kafa Omar Eyash Najiyah kamil Ramadhan Sulman Ibrahim abu Nahal(Name Maghazi Beit Hanun Deir el-Balah Al-shuja'iyah Nuseirat http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/5ba47a5c6cef541b802563e000493b8c/4d0b5ee9aee338

UNISPAL Home UNITED NATIONS A S General Assembly Security Council Distr. GENERAL A/43/176 S/19547 26 February 1988 ENGLISH ORIGINAL: ARABIC/ENGLISH GENERAL ASSEMBLY Forty-third session Item 37, 40 and 77 of the preliminary list* QUESTION OF PALESTINE THE SITUATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST REPORT OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE ISRAELI PRACTICES AFFECTING THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF THE POPULATION OF THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES SECURITY COUNCIL Forty-third year Letter dated 26 February 1988 from the Permanent Representative of Bahrain to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General In my capacity as Chairman of the Group of Arab States for the month of February 1988, I have the honor to transmit herewith a letter dated 26 February 1988 addressed to you by Mr. Zehdi Labib Terzi, Permanent Observer of the Palestine Liberation organization to the United Nations. I should be grateful if you would kindly arrange for the text of this letter and its annex to be circulated as an official document of the General Assembly, under items 37, 40 and 77 of the preliminary list, and of the Security Council. Signed ) Karim Ebrahim AL-SHAKAR Ambassador Permanent Representative * A/43/50.

49. Arabia IV (rerestored) .1856-1858; 'Abdullah kamil ..1858-1877; FanaKhusrau abu shuja 'Adud al-Dawla ..978-983; http://www.hostkingdom.net/arabia.html

A rabia The Arabian peninsula is an irregular rectangle of land close to 1.25 million square miles (3.2 million sq. km.) in extent, nestled between northeast Africa, the Fertile Crescent, and Iran. Comprising some of the harshest and most desolate regions on Earth, it has nevertheless played host to a long sequence of states reaching back into distant antiquity. Always a vitally significant region, as the homeland of Islam it's influence on modern world history is incalculable ABU DHABI The largest of the Gulf Emirates lying between Oman to the east, and Qatar in the west. Abu Dhabi entered into a Protectorate status with Great Britain in 1892, and when this ended in 1971, the Emirate joined with most of its neighbors to form the United Arab Emirates; the Emir retains considerable autonomy within his own demesne. The city of Abu Dhabi currently serves as the capital of the Federation. al-Abu FALAH Dhiyab I..........................................1761-1793 Shakhbut I........................................1793-1816 Mohammed..........................................1816-1818

50. Findians Paradise - Arab World Pre 1970 Algebra of abu kamil in a Commentary by Mordecai Finzi (Publications in MedievalScience, No 10) abukamil shuja Ibn Aslam / Hardcover / Published 1966 Our Price http://www.findians.com/69arabbk.html

In: Author Title Keyword TERVE - - - NAMASTE FINDIANS PARADISE BOOKS ABOUT the ARAB WORLD - Pre 1970 In association with AMAZON.com Books, USA and Amazon.co.UK The EARTH's Largest Online Bookstores Now you can search the entire Amazon.com archives of 1.5 million titles for your books directly from here by filling in the author's name, title or subject words in these Search Boxes, one for those who want to be served by the US and the other for those who want to be served by the UK. Books Enter keywords... items are shown below. Arabian Nights Entertainments Andrew Lang / Hardcover / Published 1969 Our Price: $21.25 (Special Order) Read more about this title... Israel's War of Independence 1947-1949 Netaniel Lorch / Hardcover / Published 1969 Our Price: $30.00 (Special Order) Thou Shalt Not Kill Antoine Reboul / Hardcover / Published 1969 Our Price: $24.95 (Back Ordered) Read more about this title... Wedding of Zein Tayeb Salih / Paperback / Published 1969 Our Price: $8.95 + $0.85 special surcharge (Special Order) Wedding of Zein Paperback / Published 1969 (Special Order) From War to War : The Arab-Israeli Confrontation, 1948-1967; A Study of the Conflict from the Perspective of Coercion in the Context of Inter-Arab and

51. Abu Hanifa Vs. "Salafis" that Kawthari examined Ibn `Adi's excesses against abu Hanifa in Hasan ibn Ziyad wasahibihi Muhammad ibn shuja` (p. 59 Ibda' wujuh alta`addi fi kamil ibn `Adi http://www.geocities.com/~abdulwahid/abuhanifah/imam_vs_munafiq.html

Abu Hanifa vs. "Salafis" [From Shaykh M. Hisham Kabbani's book The Refutation of "Salafi" Innovations, Vol. III. Shaykh Hasan al-Saqqaf wrote in his book about Albani's attacks on the great scholars entitled Qamus shata'im al-Albani Dictionary of Albani's Insults of the Scholars "He [Albani] says of Imam Abu Hanifa: "The imams have declared him weak for his poor memorization" (in his commentary of Ibn Abi `Asim's Kitab as-Sunna 1:76) although no such position is reported, see for example Ibn Hajar `Asqalani's biography of Abu Hanifa in " Tahdhib al-tahdhib A blind follower of Albani replied: The statement that no such position is reported is a lie, it was the position of Muslim ( al-Kunaa wal Asmaa ), Nasaa'ee ( ad-Du'afaa ) ibn Adee ( al-Kaamil 2/403), ibn Sa'd ( Tabaqaat 6/256), al-Uqailee ( ad-Du'afaa p.432), ibn Abee Haatim ( al-Jarh wat Tadil ), Daaruqutnee ( as-Sunan p132), al-Haakim ( Ma'rifa Ulum al-Hadeeth ), Abdul Haqq al-Ishbelee ( al-Ahkaam al-Kubraa q.17/2), adh-Dhahabee ( ad-Du'afaa q. 215/1-2), Bukharee ( at-Taareekh al-Kabeer ), ibn Hibbaan (al-Majrooheen)

52. Mathematics : History The Algebra of abu kamil, in a Commentary by Mordecai Finzi by abukamil shuja IbnAslam, Marshall Clagett (Foreword by), Martin Levey (Translated by) Hardcover http://www.allbookstores.com/browse/MAT015000

Search By: Keyword Title Author ISBN This Subject Only Art Children's Books Christian Books History ... Mathematics : History You may browse this category by title or by publication date 632 titles (showing 1-20) Abbo of Fleury and Ramsay : Commentary on the Calculus of Victorious of Aquitaine Hardcover - May 2003 List price: $74.00 by Mary Dodson Wade Paperback - September 1994 List price: $7.95 by Mary Dodson Wade Hardcover - September 1994 List price: $13.95 The Advent of the Algorithm by David Berlinski Paperback - May 2001 - Reprint List price: $14.00 The Advent of the Algorithm by David Berlinski Hardcover - March 2000 List price: $28.00 Adventures in the History of Mathematics by Richard L. Francis Hardcover - March 1999 by Claudia Zaslavsky John Henrik Clarke (Introduction by) Paperback - September 1995 - Revised List price: $14.95 The Ages of Mathematics by Peter D. Cook Hardcover - March 1977 List price: $5.95 The Ages of Mathematics by Peter D. Cook Hardcover - March 1977 The Ages of Mathematics by Michael Moffatt Hardcover - March 1977 List price: $5.95

53. Neue Seite 1 Translate this page Abraham, Max (1875 - 1922). abu kamil, shuja (um 850 - um 930). abu'l-Wafaal'Buzjani (940 - 998). Ackermann, Wilhelm (1896 - 1962). http://www.mathe-ecke.de/mathematiker.htm

Abbe, Ernst (1840 - 1909) Abel, Niels Henrik (5.8.1802 - 6.4.1829) Abraham bar Hiyya (1070 - 1130) Abraham, Max (1875 - 1922) Abu Kamil, Shuja (um 850 - um 930) Abu'l-Wafa al'Buzjani (940 - 998) Ackermann, Wilhelm (1896 - 1962) Adams, John Couch (5.6.1819 - 21.1.1892) Adams, John Frank (5.11.1930 - 7.1.1989) Adelard von Bath (1075 - 1160) Adler, August (1863 - 1923) Adrain, Robert (1775 - 1843) Aepinus, Franz Ulrich Theodosius (13.12.1724 - 10.8.1802) Agnesi, Maria (1718 - 1799) Ahlfors, Lars (1907 - 1996) Ahmed ibn Yusuf (835 - 912) Ahmes (um 1680 - um 1620 v. Chr.) Aida Yasuaki (1747 - 1817) Aiken, Howard Hathaway (1900 - 1973) Airy, George Biddell (27.7.1801 - 2.1.1892) Aithoff, David (1854 - 1934) Aitken, Alexander (1895 - 1967) Ajima, Chokuyen (1732 - 1798) Akhiezer, Naum Il'ich (1901 - 1980) al'Battani, Abu Allah (um 850 - 929) al'Biruni, Abu Arrayhan (973 - 1048) al'Chaijami (? - 1123) al'Haitam, Abu Ali (965 - 1039) al'Kashi, Ghiyath (1390 - 1450) al'Khwarizmi, Abu Abd-Allah ibn Musa (um 790 - um 850) Albanese, Giacomo (1890 - 1948) Albert von Sachsen (1316 - 8.7.1390)

54. Imam Zahid Al-Kawthari Among the defects of Ibn ‘Adi’s kamil is his that Imam Malik had narrated fromImam abu Hanifa and i d. 204) wa Sahibihi Muhammad ibn shuja‘ (alThalji d http://65.39.144.73/ISLAM/misc/al_kawthari.htm

Imam Zahid al-Kawthari by Dr. Gibril Fouad Haddad Muhammad Zahid ibn Hasan al-Kawthari al-Hanafi al-Ash‘ari (1296-1371), the adjunct to the last Shaykh al-Islam of the Ottoman Caliphate and a major Hanafi jurist praised by Imam Muhammad Abu Zahra as a Reviver (mujaddid) of the fourteenth Islamic century. He studied under his father as well as the scholar of Qur’an and hadith Ibrahim Haqqi (d. 1345), Shaykh Zayn al-‘Abidin al-Alsuni (d. 1336), Shaykh Muhammad Khalis al-Shirwani, al-Hasan al-Aztuwa’i, and others. When the Caliphate fell he moved to Cairo, then Sham, then Cairo again until his death, where the late Shaykhs ‘Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda and ‘Abd Allah al-Ghumari became his students. Following is his prestigious chain of transmission in fiqh Imam al-Kawthari (d. 1371) took fiqh from his father, and also from the hadith master Ibrahim Haqqi (d. 1345) and from Shaykh Zayn al-’Abidin al-Alsuni (d. 1336). Al-Kawthari’s father took fiqh from the hadith master Ahmad Dya’ al-Din al-Kamushkhanawi al-Naqshbandi (d. 1311) the author of the hadith index

55. Footnotes Frank Cont (?) Simaye shuja'an, p. 35. abu al-Faraj al-Isbahani, Maqatil al-Talibiyyin,p.298 IV, p. 308; al-Tabari, Tarikh; Ibn al-Athir, al-kamil; Ibn Kathir http://home.swipnet.se/islam/books/imamate/notes.htm

Footnotes 1. al-Baqillani, al-Tamhid, p. 186. 2. al-Duri, al-Nuzum al-Islamiyyah, Vol. I, pp. 72-84. 3. al-Majlisi, Biha . ral-Anwar, Vol, XVII, p. 129. 4. Ahmad b. Hanbal, al-Musnad, p. 96. 5. Ibn Majah, al-Sunan, "Bab al-Fitan." 6. al-Ya'qubi, al-Tarikh, Vol. 11, pp. 126-7. 7. Ahmad b. Hanbal, al-Musnad, Vol. I, p. 344; Ibn Sa'd, al-Tabaqat, Vol. II, p.242; al-Bukhari, al-Sahih; Vol. I, p. 22; al-Tabari, Tarikh, Vol. II, p.436. 8. al-Mas'Udi, Ithbat al-Wasiyyah; al-Ya'qubi, al-Tarikh. 9. Ibn , Asakir, al-Tarikh, Vol. III, p. 5; Riyad. al-Nadirah, Vol. II, p. 178. 10. Ibh Kathir, al-Bidayah, Vol. V, pp. 209-13; al-Haythami, Majma' al-Zawa'id, Vol. IX, pp. 163-5. 11. al-Wahidi, Asbab al-Nuzul, p. 150; al-Suyuti, al-Durr al-Manthur, Vol. III, p. 298; al-Qunduzi, Yanabi' al-Mawaddah, p. 130; al-Alusi, al-Tafsir, Vol. II, p. 172; al-Shawkani, Fath al-Qadir, Vol. III, p. 57. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, al-Tafsir al-Kabir, Vol. III, p. 636; Badr al-Din al-Hanafi, 'Umdah al-Qari, Vol. VIII, p. 584; Abduh, Tafsir al-Manar. 12. Ahmad b. H . anbal, al-Musnad, Vol. IV, p. 281; Ibn Kathir, al-Bidayah, Vol. V, p.212.

56. Orientalia Library Home Page 49; Rose, Margaret.A. Ma ba`d alhadathah 110; Sa`fan, kamil. al-rish wa-janinat Namish; ya ummatan dahikat ; { Mellan abu al-Rish Roman 85 Sirat shuja` . http://home.swipnet.se/~w-46743/

The Oriental Arabic Library The Arabic Library welcomes you to visit us and to take part of : The latest books from 96 - 97 , Arabic novels, translated Arabic novels, theological books, philosophical and psychological books, books on old and modern litterature and poetry, diversitive books, language studies, memoires etc, books on art, music, stagetheatre, cinema, political books, books about kurds and other minorities, historical books, books on social science, books about the legal systems, books on different populations' traditions etc, geographical books, books on economy, trade and agriculture, books on production and transport etc, cookbooks, books on health, books on naturalsciences, and books for young people and children. School books for all levels ( different Arabic programs. ) The latest within dictionaries and encyclopedias : ( Arabic, Swedish, English, French, German, Kurdish, Urdu, Asyrian, Turkish and other languages ) The latest music kassettes .. ( Most famous Arabic singers ) The latest movies .. ( To hyre and to buy )

57. Lebensdaten Von Mathematikern Translate this page Ernst (1840 - 1909) Abel, Niels Henrik (5.8.1802 - 6.4.1829) Abraham bar Hiyya (1070- 1130) Abraham, Max (1875 - 1922) abu kamil, shuja (um 850 - um 930) abu'l http://www.mathe.tu-freiberg.de/~hebisch/cafe/lebensdaten.html

Diese Seite ist dem Andenken meines Vaters Otto Hebisch (1917 - 1998) gewidmet. By our fathers and their fathers in some old and distant town from places no one here remembers come the things we've handed down. Marc Cohn Dies ist eine Sammlung, die aus verschiedenen Quellen stammt, u. a. aus Jean Dieudonne, Geschichte der Mathematik, 1700 - 1900, VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1985. Helmut Gericke, Mathematik in Antike und Orient - Mathematik im Abendland, Fourier Verlag, Wiesbaden 1992. Otto Toeplitz, Die Entwicklung der Infinitesimalrechnung, Springer, Berlin 1949. MacTutor History of Mathematics archive A B C ... Z Abbe, Ernst (1840 - 1909) Abel, Niels Henrik (5.8.1802 - 6.4.1829) Abraham bar Hiyya (1070 - 1130) Abraham, Max (1875 - 1922) Abu Kamil, Shuja (um 850 - um 930) Abu'l-Wafa al'Buzjani (940 - 998) Ackermann, Wilhelm (1896 - 1962) Adams, John Couch (5.6.1819 - 21.1.1892) Adams, John Frank (5.11.1930 - 7.1.1989) Adelard von Bath (1075 - 1160) Adler, August (1863 - 1923) Adrain, Robert (1775 - 1843)

58. Islamic History (Chronology) of the Ayyubid ruler AI kamil, accession of In Granada, Assassination of abu HallajYusuf, succession Death of Mubarazuddin Muhammad; accession of Shah shuja. http://www.barkati.net/english/chronology.htm

Islamic History (Chronology) 6th Century (500-599) C.E. Birth of Abdullah, the Holy Prophet's father. Birth of the Holy Prophet. Year of the Elephant. Invasion of Makkah by Abraha the Viceroy of Yemen, his retreat. The Holy Prophet visits Madina with his mother. Death of his mother. Death of Abdul Muttalib, the grandfather of the Holy Prophet. The Holy Prophet's journey to Syria in the company of his uncle Abu Talib. His meeting with the monk Bahira at Bisra who foretells of his prophethood. The Holy Prophet participates in the war of Fijar. The Holy Prophet becomes an active member of "Hilful Fudul", a league for the relief of the distressed. The Holy Prophet becomes the Manager of the business of Lady Khadija, and leads her trade caravan to Syria and back. The Holy Prophet marries Hadrat Khadija. Seventh century 7th Century (600-699) C.E The Holy Prophet arbitrates in a dispute among the Quraish about the placing of the Black Stone in the Kaaba. The first revelation in the cave at Mt. Hira. The Holy Prophet is commissioned as the Messenger of God. Declaration at Mt. Sara inviting the general public to Islam.

59. Department Of Coins And Medals, Fitzwilliam Museum Is, alMu'ayyad min al-Sama' Nuh b. Mansur abu shuja`, al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad, al-Muhallabb. Abi Is, al-`Adil abu Bakr, al-`Adil abu Bakr b. Yusuf al-kamil, al-`Adil http://www-cm.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/coins/oai_trial/gateway_L1_ruler.html

Byzantine By "Heraclius" "Justin II" By "Latin imitative" Alexander Alexius I By Alexius I? Alexius II Alexius III By Alexius IV Alexius IX Anastasius I By Anastasius I - Justinian I Anastasius I? (imitation) Anastasius II By Andronicus I Andronicus II Andronicus III By anonymous Anonymous (attr. Constantine IX) By Anonymous (attr. Michael IV) Anonymous (Attr.-Romanus III) By Antastasius-Justinian Artavasdus Basil I By Basil II Constans II By Constantine IV Constantine IX Constantine V By Constantine VI Constantine VII Constantine VIII By Constantine X Constantine XI George By Heraclius Heraclius (?) Heraclius Consul By Heraclius? By Irene Isaac I Isaac II By Isaac of Cyprus Issac II John I By John I Angelus Comnenus John II John II of Trebizond By John III John III Ducas-Vatatzes John V By John VIII Julius Caesar Justin II By Justin I Justin I and Justinian I Justin II By Justinian I Justinian I? By Justinian II Leo I Leo III By Leo IV Leo V Leo VI By Leontius Manuel I Manuel I of Trebizond By Manuel II Manuel III Maurice By Michael I Michael II Michael III By Michael IV Michael VI By Michael VII Michael VIII Nicephorus I By Nicephorus II Nicephorus III Philippicus Bardanes By Phocas Romanus II Romanus III By Romanus IV Theodora Theodore Comnenus-Ducas By Theodore I Theodosius III Theophilus By Tiberius II Tiberius III Uncertain East Asia EA "Shao Sheng (N. Sung)"

60. World Of Islam jahr wa’lmuqabalah. abu kamil al-shuja’ discussed algebraic equationswith five unknowns. The science was further developed http://www.omarfoundation.org/Culture/World of Islam.htm

The Religion of Islam "This day have I perfected your religion for you and completed My favor unto you, and have chosen for you as your religion Islam." (Qu’ran, Surah [5:3]) Introduction Islam is a religion based upon the surrender to God who is One. The very name of the religion, al-Islam in Arabic, means at once submission and peace, for it is in submitting to God’s Will that human beings gain peace in their lives in this world and in the hereafter. The message of Islam concerns God, who in Arabic is called Allah, and it addresses itself to humanity’s most profound nature. It concerns men and women as they were created by God—not as fallen beings. Islam therefore considers itself to be not an innovation but a reassertion of the universal truth of all revelation, which is God’s Oneness. Prophets Qu’ran Prophet of Islam The Prophet of Islam is loved and revered by Muslims precisely because he was chosen by God to reveal His Word to mankind. The Prophet Muhammad is not considered to be divine but a human being. However, he is seen as the most perfect of human beings, shining like a jewel among stones. He was born in 570 A. D. in one of the most powerful tribes in the Arabia of that time, for it had guardianship over the Ka’bah in Makkah. An orphan brought up by his grandfather and later by his uncle, the young Muhammad displayed exceptional virtue as a trustworthy individual whom members of various tribes would invite to act as arbitrator in their disputes.

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