1. Climate Change And Greenhouse Gases Article reviews scientific understanding of the issue of greenhouse gases and climate change, as presented in peerreviewed publications. This understanding serves as the underlying basis of the American Geophysical Union's position statement of December 1998. http://www.agu.org/eos_elec/99148e.html

Vol. 80, No. 39, September 28, 1999, p. 453. Climate Change and Greenhouse Gases Authors Tamara S. Ledley, Eric T. Sundquist, Stephen E. Schwartz, Dorothy K. Hall, Jack D. Fellows, and Timothy L. Killeen For more information, contact Tamara S. Ledley, TERC, 2067 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02140 USA; E-mail: Tamara_Ledley@terc.edu. Infrared (IR) active gases, principally water vapor (H O), carbon dioxide (CO ), and ozone (O Henderson-Sellers and Robinson Kellogg Peixoto and Oort The AGU Council approved a position statement on Climate Change and Greenhouse Gases in December 1998. The statement and a short summary of the procedures that were followed in its preparation, review, and adoption were published in the February 2, 1999, issue of Eos (p. 49) [AGU, 1999, also at AGU's Web site: http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/policy/climate_change.html ]. The present article reviews scientific understanding of this issue, as presented in peer-reviewed publications. This understanding serves as the underlying basis of the position statement. Greenhouse Gases and the Earth-Atmosphere Energy Balance The principal greenhouse gas concentrations that have increased over the industrial period are carbon dioxide (CO ), methane (CH

2. Greenhouse Gases & The Kyoto Protocol Home Search News UNEP.org 1999 Emissions Per Capita Total 2010 Emissions Projected Target Difference Full View Reset Smaller Larger This site is a 3rd place winner in the worldwide Geography Network Challenge 2001 click in map to Get graph http://maps.grida.no/kyoto

3. EIA Greenhouse Gases Program Page Home greenhouse gases Programs. How Are We Doing? http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/frntend.html

xxxxx Home Greenhouse Gases Programs How Are We Doing? Please click here and answer three questions for us Sign up for Greenhouse Gas E-Mail Updates Contacts ... Privacy/Security Featured Greenhouse Gas Products U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Sources 2001 Flash Estimate Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States Annual Report of the Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Programs Archive of Previous Emissions Reports Featured Publications Recent Monthly Statistics Annual Data from 1949 Projections to 2025 Energy Information Administration's Greenhouse Gases Programs This page directs you to EIA's main sites for greenhouse gases information, and offers links to other greenhouse gas and climate change sites of potential interest Click for a text menu For more information on EIA's greenhouse gas data or programs contact: Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Communications Center infoghg@eia.doe.gov

4. Greenhouse Gases, Global Climate Change, And Energy greenhouse gases Global Climate Change and Energy http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggccebro/chapter1.html

Home Publications EIA Brochures Greenhouse Gases, Global Climate Greenhouse Gases, Global Climate Change, and Energy What Are Greenhouse Gases? Why Are Atmospheric Levels Increasing? Atmospheric concentrations of several important greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and most man-made gases) have increased by about 25 percent since large-scale industrialization began some 150 years ago. The growth in their concentrations is believed to be caused by human (anthropogenic) activity. In particular, anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions have increased dramatically since the beginning of the industrial age due largely to the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation (Figure 1). Concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO ) in the atmosphere are regulated by numerous processes collectively known as the carbon cycle (Figure 2). The movement (flux) of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and carbon sinks on land and in the oceans is dominated by natural processes, such as plant photosynthesis and respiration. While these natural processes can remove some of the net 6.6 billion metric tons of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions produced each year, an estimated 3.3 billion metric tons of this carbon is added to the atmosphere annually in the form of carbon dioxide.

5. The Greenhouse Effect average temperature would be about 60ºF colder. Because of how theywarm our world, these gases are referred to as greenhouse gases. http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/kids/greenhouse.html

The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature that the Earth experiences because certain gases in the atmosphere (water vapor, carbon dioxide nitrous oxide , and methane colder. Because of how they warm our world, these gases are referred to as greenhouse gases Have you ever seen a greenhouse? Most greenhouses look like a small glass house. Greenhouses are used to grow plants, especially in the winter. Greenhouses work by trapping heat from the sun. The glass panels of the greenhouse let in light but keep heat from escaping. This causes the greenhouse to heat up, much like the inside of a car parked in sunlight, and keeps the plants warm enough to live in the winter. biosphere The greenhouse effect is important. Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth would not be warm enough for humans to live. But if the greenhouse effect becomes stronger, it could make the Earth warmer than usual. Even a little extra warming may cause problems for humans, plants, and animals. See an animation of how enhancing the greenhouse effect likely contributes to global warming. Macromedia Flash Version 5 or higher plug-in required) next Home Glossary Comments ... US EPA http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/kids/greenhouse.html

6. MBARI - Ocean Chemistry Of Greenhouse Gases About Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) experiments on deep ocean release of liquid carbon dioxide and related MBARI research. http://www.mbari.org/ghgases/

Benthic ecology Biogeochemistry Canyon processes Chemical sensors ... Submarine volcanism Ocean Chemistry of Greenhouse Gases Peter G. Brewer Gernot Friederich Edward T. Peltzer Follow these links to see some of the results of our deep-sea experiments: Deep ocean release of liquid carbon dioxide at 3600m: MBARI Press Release, May 6th, 1999. Science Paper highlights with color figures (jpg). ... release experiments. Dr. Peter Brewer's interview with Bob McDonald (host of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Radio program Quirks and Quarks ) on January 6, 2001: Hear the complete radio program. MBARI mirror of the interview. [3.84 MB] Download MP3 player The First Roger Revelle Commemorative Lecture: NAS Program Announcement. Complete text of talk by Dr. Peter Brewer. Our Papers on Methane Clathrate Hydrates. Our Papers on the Ocean Sequestration of CO ... Links to Related Web-Sites.

7. Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring process that aids in heating the Earth's surface and atmosphere. a few naturally occurring atmospheric gases known as the greenhouse gases. Absorption of this energy causes additional http://royal.okanagan.bc.ca/mpidwirn/atmosphereandclimate/greenhouse.html

Table of Contents (a). Introduction (b). The Process (c). Enhanced Greenhouse Effect (d). Gases Involved (e). Conclusions (a). Introduction The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring process that aids in heating the Earth's surface and atmosphere. It results from the fact that certain atmospheric gases, such as carbon dioxide water vapor , and methane , are able to change the energy balance of the planet by being able to absorb longwave radiation from the Earth's surface. Without the greenhouse effect, life on this planet would probably not exist as the average temperature of the Earth would be a chilly -18 degrees Celsius, rather than the present 15 degrees Celsius. (b). The Process As energy from the sun passes through the atmosphere a number of things take place (see Figure ). A portion of the energy (26 % globally) is reflected back to space by clouds and particles. About 19 % of the energy available is absorbed by clouds, gases (like ozone ), and particles in the atmosphere. Of the remaining 55 % of the solar energy passing through the Earth's atmosphere, 4 % is reflected from the surface back to space. On average about 51 % of the sun's radiation reaches the surface. This energy is then used in number of processes including: the heating of the ground surface; the melting of ice and snow and the evaporation of water; and plant photosynthesis.

8. Greenhouse Gases greenhouse gases and Society by Nick Hopwood and Jordan Cohen greenhouse gases naturally blanket the Earth and keep it about 33 degrees Celsius warmer than it would be without these gases in the atmosphere. http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/greenhouse.htm

Greenhouse Gases and Society by Nick Hopwood and Jordan Cohen The Greenhouse Effect The "greenhouse effect" is the heating of the Earth due to the presence of greenhouse gases. It is named this way because of a similar effect produced by the glass panes of a greenhouse. Shorter-wavelength solar radiation from the sun passes through Earth's atmosphere, then is absorbed by the surface of the Earth, causing it to warm. Part of the absorbed energy is then reradiated back to the atmosphere as long wave infared radiation. Little of this long wave radiation escapes back into space; the radiation cannot pass through the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases selectively transmit the infared waves, trapping some and allowing some to pass through into space. The greenhouse gases absorb these waves and reemits the waves downward, causing the lower atmosphere to warm.(www.eb.com:180) Diagram to help explain the process of global warming and how greenhouse gases create the "greenhouse effect" www.eecs.umich.edu/mathscience/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/images/diagrampage.html

9. Graduiertenkolleg "Klimarelevante Gase" About an interdisciplinary research project concerning the contribution of agriculture to possible climate change. Graduiertenkolleg Universit¤t Hohenheim, Department of Agricultural Economics, Stuttgart, Germany. http://www.uni-hohenheim.de/~wwwgkoll/

Uni Hohenheim Uni Stuttgart Zur DFG DaiNet ... Interessante Links GRADUIERTENKOLLEG "Strategien zur Vermeidung der Emission klimarelevanter Gase und umwelttoxischer Stoffe aus Landwirtschaft und Landschaftsnutzung" English speaking? Symposium am 14. Februar "Klimawandel und Politikoptionen im Klimaschutz" Bilder Posterpräsentation ... Partner Zugriffe seit Juli 1996 aktualisiert von Matthias Schreiber im November 2002

10. An Introduction To Infrared Spectroscopy And Greenhouse Gases Introductiona and overview, maiintained at the Department of Chemistry, Widener University, Chester, PA. http://science.widener.edu/svb/ftir/intro_ir.html

An Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy and Greenhouse Gases This site is designed to view with a frames capable browser. If you see this message, your browser does not support frames. You may access the individual frames from the links below About this Site HCl How Figures Prepared Mathcad Intro to FT-IR ... Other Links This page is maintained by Scott Van Bramer Department of Chemistry Widener University One University Place Chester, PA 19013 Please send any comments, corrections, or suggestions to svanbram@science.widener.edu Last Updated 5/29/96 This page has been accessed 34224 times since 2/10 /96 .

11. EPA : Global Warming : Emissions What Are greenhouse gases? Some greenhouse gases occur naturally in theatmosphere, while others result from human activities. Naturally http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/Emissions.html

var homeDb = 'oar/globalwarming.nsf' Global Warming - Emissions Recent Additions Contact Us Print Version Search Area: EPA Home Global Warming International National ... Individual Emissions Once, all climate changes occurred naturally. However, during the Industrial Revolution, we began altering our climate and environment through changing agricultural and industrial practices. Before the Industrial Revolution, human activity released very few gases into the atmosphere, but now through population growth, fossil fuel burning, and deforestation, we are affecting the mixture of gases in the atmosphere. What Are Greenhouse Gases? Some greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from human activities. Naturally occuring greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Certain human activities, however, add to the levels of most of these naturally occurring gases: Carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere when solid waste, fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), and wood and wood products are burned. Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from the decomposition of organic wastes in municipal solid waste landfills, and the raising of livestock.

12. EPA : Global Warming : Climate A discussion of the certainties and uncertainties behind the science of climate change and the impact Category Society Issues Environment Climate Change...... Human activities have altered the chemical composition of the atmosphere throughthe buildup of greenhouse gases – primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/Climate.html

var homeDb = 'oar/globalwarming.nsf' Global Warming - Climate Recent Additions Contact Us Print Version Search Area: EPA Home Global Warming Trends Atmospheric Change ... Science FAQ Climate An Introduction uncertainties exist about exactly how earth's climate responds to them. Go to the Emissions section for much more on greenhouse gases Our Changing Atmosphere Energy from the sun drives the earth's weather and climate, and heats the earth's surface; in turn, the earth radiates energy back into space. Atmospheric greenhouse gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases) trap some of the outgoing energy, retaining heat somewhat like the glass panels of a greenhouse. Without this natural "greenhouse effect," temperatures would be much lower than they are now, and life as known today would not be possible. Instead, thanks to greenhouse gases, the earth's average temperature is a more hospitable 60°F. However, problems may arise when the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases increases. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide have increased nearly 30%, methane concentrations have more than doubled, and nitrous oxide concentrations have risen by about 15%. These increases have enhanced the heat-trapping capability of the earth's atmosphere. Sulfate aerosols, a common air pollutant, cool the atmosphere by reflecting light back into space; however, sulfates are short-lived in the atmosphere and vary regionally. Why are greenhouse gas concentrations increasing? Scientists generally believe that the combustion of fossil fuels and other human activities are the primary reason for the increased concentration of carbon dioxide. Plant respiration and the decomposition of organic matter release more than 10 times the CO

13. Global Climate Change Market-Based Strategies To Reduce Greenhouse Gases Congressional Research Service Report on global climate change and strategies to reduce greenhouse gases. PDF format. http://cnie.org/NLE/CRS/Detail.cfm?Category=Climate Change

14. EPA - Methane And Other Gases The US EPA Climate Team's climate change Web site, focusing on methaneand other greenhouse gases. The Climate Team conducts analyses http://www.epa.gov/ghginfo/

Methane and Other Gases Contact Us Print Version Search: EPA Home Home Topics in Brief Reports ... Site Map As a contributor to climate change, methane is second only to carbon dioxide. Over the last two centuries, methane concentrations in the atmosphere have more than doubled, largely due to human-related activities. Reductions of about 10 percent in emissions from these anthropogenic sources would halt the annual rise in methane concentrations, effectively contributing to mitigation of climate change. Around the world, industry, working in conjunction with government, has implemented emissions reduction strategies that have improved operational efficiency. In the United States, many companies are working with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in voluntary efforts to help achieve emissions reductions by implementing cost-effective management methods and technologies. About EPA's Climate Team This site addresses methane's contribution to climate change; trends in emissions of methane (CH

15. SUSTAINING The ENVIRONMENT And RESOURCES For CANADIANS - Build On Present; Secur Portal to information about climate and weather; how the atmosphere is affected by greenhouse gases and transport and industry emissions; issues of climate change (global warming), severe weather and smog. Provided by the Canadian government. http://www.environmentandresources.ca/default.asp?lang=En&nav=l1-5-0xl2-0-0x

16. Chicago Climate Exchange The Chicago Climate Exchange is the first U.S. voluntary pilot program for trading of greenhouse gases.  The program has been established through a grant from Chicagobased Joyce Foundation to the Kellogg Graduate School of Management at Northwestern University and is being administered by Environmental Financial Products, LLC.  http://www.chicagoclimatex.com/

About CCX CCX Staff f Initial Propositions Benefits of Participation Founding Members CCX in the News ... Contact Us

17. Global Climate Change: Market-Based Strategies To Reduce Greenhouse Gases A review of market based initiatives to combat global warming, including tradeable permits and carbon taxes. http://www.policyalmanac.org/environment/archive/crs_climate_change_market.shtml

Almanac of Policy Issues Home Search Archive Larry Pakerr, Congressional Research Service Updated October 1, 2002 Global Climate Change: Market-Based Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gases SUMMARY The possibility that human activities are releasing gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2), at rates that could affect global climate has resulted in proposals for national programs to curtail emissions. An international framework for specific reductions in greenhouse gases was negotiated at a meeting in Kyoto in December 1997. Concern about costs has encouraged consideration of CO2 reduction proposals that employ market-based mechanisms. The passage in 1990 of a tradeable allowance system for sulfur dioxide (SO2) control in the United States to reduce acid rain provides a precedent for such mechanisms. The specific effects of both a carbon tax and tradeable permit program would depend on the specific levy (carbon tax) or allocation scheme (tradeable permit) chosen, the scope of the program, the timing of the reductions, and the recycling of any revenues. In addition, many tradeable permit proposals include provisions allowing countries to accumulate permits by reducing emissions in other countries. This scheme, called joint implementation, was approved in principle at the Kyoto conference in December 1997.

18. Index A research project investigating the way the sea and the atmosphere exchange greenhouse gases. http://www.knmi.nl/asgamage/

19. EPA - Methane And Other Gases and economic analyses related to stabilization of these greenhouse gases. The site also provides resources for locating http://www.epa.gov/outreach/ghginfo

Methane and Other Gases Contact Us Print Version Search: EPA Home Home Topics in Brief Reports ... Site Map As a contributor to climate change, methane is second only to carbon dioxide. Over the last two centuries, methane concentrations in the atmosphere have more than doubled, largely due to human-related activities. Reductions of about 10 percent in emissions from these anthropogenic sources would halt the annual rise in methane concentrations, effectively contributing to mitigation of climate change. Around the world, industry, working in conjunction with government, has implemented emissions reduction strategies that have improved operational efficiency. In the United States, many companies are working with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in voluntary efforts to help achieve emissions reductions by implementing cost-effective management methods and technologies. About EPA's Climate Team This site addresses methane's contribution to climate change; trends in emissions of methane (CH

20. Redirection To EPA Global Warming Site What Are greenhouse gases? Some greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from human http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/emissions

Welcome to the redirection page for the EPA Global Warming site If you are not automatically redirected to the Global Warming web site, please click here

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