41. FOCUS On TURKEY: Istanbul, Ankara, Antalya, Izmir, Alanya, Bodrum, Cappadocia Romans, Byzantines, Seljuks and Ottomans have all held important places in turkey's history and its people's culture. http://www.focusmm.com/tanamenu.htm

TURKEY Cradle of the Civilizations W elcome to Turkey... This is the country where the eastern and the western civilizations meet in a great harmony. It is like an open air museum of various important civilizations which flourished on this land since 9,000 B.C. It would be a great mistake to consider Turkey as only a historical place. It is also a cultural and artistic melting pot of all its rich past. The people, living in modern Turkey now, are descendants of these past civilizations on various ways. Naturally, in Turkey you will experience an incredible diversity in environment, history, culture, art, ideas and beliefs. This is in itself may not be a challenge for the seasoned traveller. After all, diversity is the most prized feature of favourite destinations. In Turkey, this diversity is high enough to challenge even the most experienced eye because it is packed in spaces with abrupt changes in scenery. Y ou will explore ancient empires and centuries old battlefields. During this fantastic journey you will encounter many wonders starting from the fascinating city of Istanbul, previously known as Constantinople, to treasures of art and nature in Cappadocia, the marvels of Pamukkale, the mystery of Nemrud Dag and the boundless silences of Mount Ararat. Never to mention the wonderful western and southern coast of Turkey. It can only be described as magnificent... The famous ancient city of Troia with its wooden horse, just next to Gallipoli; the famous biblical city of Ephesus, with the house of Virgin Mary next to it; the birthplace of Homer, Smyrna, now called Izmir; the Hellenistic splendor of Pergamum are only the most evident and striking notes in an archaeological context one cannot help but marvel at and admire.

42. Turkey Traditions And Thanksgiving A brief history of turkey and how it became associated with Thanksgiving in the USA. Also contains recipes.Category Home Cooking Poultry turkey...... The tradition of turkey is rooted in the 'history Of Plymouth Plantation',written by William Bradford some 22 years after the actual celebration. http://www.theholidayspot.com/thanksgiving/turkey.htm

The Turkey, its traditions, and how it got associated with Thanksgiving Thanksgiving Home Navigation Links Grreat Party Themes Recipes History Jokes-n-one liners Games ... Letter Heads Turkey tradition "The turkey is a much more respectable Bird and withal a true original Native of North America". Remarked Benjamin Franklin, the scientist cum statesman, who was in favor of making Turkey the national Bird, instead of Bald Eagle. The wild turkey is native to northern Mexico and the eastern United States. Later it was domesticated in Mexico, and was brought into Europe early in the 16th century. Since that time, turkeys have been extensively raised because of the excellent quality of their meat and eggs. Some of the common breeds of turkey in the United States are the Bronze, Narragansett, White Holland, and Bourbon Red. Though there is no real evidence that turkey was served at the Pilgrim's first thanksgiving, but through ages it became an indispensable part of the Thanksgiving tradition. The tradition of turkey is rooted in the 'History Of Plymouth Plantation', written by William Bradford some 22 years after the actual celebration. In his letter sent to England Edward Winslow, another Pilgrim, describes how the governor sent "four men out fowling" and they returned with turkeys, ducks and geese.

43. Mustafa Kemal ATATURK - Turkish Republic Recounting of the Turkish founder's accomplishments.Category Regional Middle East history Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal...... ( 1928 ) The foundation of Turkish history Institution The foundation The doctrinesof Ataturk or Kemalism is a system of thought based on the facts of turkey. http://www.turizm.net/turkey/history/ataturk.html

Home Turkey Hotels Blue Cruise ... Search Welcome to Turizm.net! Ataturk and the Modernization of Turkey Ataturk is the national hero of Turkey. He founded the modern Turkish Republic out of the ashes of the Ottoman Empire; an empire that was seen as the sick man of Europe at the turn of the century. His modern perspective created a new nation and a country, and a secular state understanding different from most other Islamic countries was introduced by him. Once you step in Turkey, you will see his statues and the busts all over. One of the best books written about Ataturk from a foreigner's point of view is the book titled " The Rebirth of a Nation" by Lord Kinross. He was born in the year 1881 in Thessaloniki, at that time within the Ottoman Empire's borders at that time, in Greece at present . His full name was Mustafa Kemal and the Ataturk surname, meaning the father of Turks, was given to him by the Turkish people (1934 November 24th.) in accordance with the reforms he introduced to create a modern Turkish country. His background was military, and he served in various posts in the Ottoman army. During the First World War , he was the colonel in charge of Infantry at Gallipoli in 1915 and it was his genious defense tactics that prevented the allied forces ( British, French, Anzacs - Australians and New Zealenders and Senegalese) from capturing the Dardanelles and eventually Bosphorus.

44. The History Of Anatolia And Turkey For travelers to turkey who wish to study a detailedhistory and culture background of turkey. http://www.turizm.net/turkey/history/

Home Turkey Hotels Blue Cruise ... Search Welcome to Turizm.net! Prehistoric Times The Byzantium The Ottomans Ataturk Greetings to you traveller! We hope you've come here prepared, for this is a time machine you are about to set foot on. We named this time machine Turizm.net, the network of Turkish Tourism and Travel . It is designed to guide you through the paths of a wonderland, Turkey . The paths that not many countries on this earth have had anything similar to; a wonderland that has had hundreds of civilizations born in; a wonderland that has bred many a wind-carried legend and an unforgettable myth travelling from mouth to mouth, sailing from sea to sea; a wonderland where saints of the great religions have left their footsteps on; where kingdoms have been founded and where kingdoms have been destroyed; a wonderland where swords have pillaged and plundered and where pen has been mightier than swords; where hopes have been generously granted to every inhabitant, and where dreams have been lost; and still most important of all, dear traveller, a wonderland that has friendly people with wonderfully warm hospitality. We , the creators of this site, originating from the same lands, greet you with the same feelings and hope that you will share the same enthusiastic view when you are through.

45. WWW-VL History Index Click Here for WWWVL Main Catalogue WWW-VL history turkey. Universities historyChronological Overviews Turkish history; Britannica history of turkey; http://www.ku.edu/history/VL/near_east/turkey.html

WWW-VL: HISTORY: TURKEY ABOUT THIS NETWORK . If you are still interested or have any questions, please e-mail Lynn Harry Nelson [lhnelson@raven.cc.ku.edu]. Click here for The World-Wide Web Virtual Library (WWW-VL) central catalogue The WWW-VL search facility. Click Here to access the Mirror at Florence, Italy Click Here to access the Mirror at Lawrence, Kansas, USA Also see our sister site, WWW-VL Asian Studies. Turkey Research Tools Maps Map Page Relief Political - 1983 Historical Maps Turkey in Maps The Growth of the Ottoman Empire - 13th Century to 1512 Ottoman Empire 1683 The Ottoman Sultanate in the 16th and 17th Centuries ... Constantinople Gazetteer Cities, Towns and Villages Language Turkish Dictionaries Learning Practical Turkish On-Line Turkish Lessons Turkish Natural Language Processing Initiative ... Turkish Fonts Reference Britannica - Turkey Countries of the World - Turkey A Country Study - Turkey World Factbook 2000 - Turkey ... U.S State Department Local Conditions Bibliography All About Turkey Tubitak Srdc: Information Server Ankara Turkey Cappadocia On-Line ... Library of Congress Subject Search On-Line Materials Documents The Turkish Archives Chicago Ottoman Microforms Project Database of Tax-Farm and Waqf Records Essays in Ottoman history ... Collection of Works on Turkish History by H.B. Paksoy

46. About Marmaris - The History Of Marmaris www.aboutmarmaris.com. Marmaris holidays in turkey home link, Historyof Marmaris. The magnificent coastline of the Turkish Riviera http://www.aboutmarmaris.com/marmaris-history.htm

www.aboutmarmaris.com Sign up for our occasional E-mail Address: Marmaris Newsletter Real Estate Newsletter History of Marmaris The magnificent coastline of the Turkish Riviera has attracted many conquerors in its time. Marmaris has been ruled by the Egyptians, Syrians, Romans, Byzantines and the Ottomans. Traces of all these civilizations can be found surrounding our town. The first settlement of Marmaris was called Physkos and is still being excavated by archaeologists today. The ruins are known as Asartepe. Legend has it that Suleyman the Magnificent ordered the castle in Marmaris to be enlarged. He then travelled to Rhodes and upon his return found it was still too small for his liking and ordered his men to "mirmari" which means hang the architect! The Tomb of Sariana On the Northeastern slopes of the city behind the neighboring Sariana is the newly built Mosque which stands next to a tomb. Renowned for its oracular powers, the tomb was visited by Suleyman the Magnificent during his journey to Rhodes. Following good news from the Oracle, the Sultan decided to lay siege to the Island. It was known that the breakfast of the Ottoman Legions consisted of fresh milk, milked from Sariana's famed cow. The Kervansaray Surrounded by arches, this structure is built of stone and is in Ottoman style. Built in 1545, the Kervansaray contains 1 large and 7 small rooms. Today it is used as a shopping center for souvenirs

47. Lonely Planet World Guide | Destination Turkey | History Muhammed was born in Mecca and the scene was set for one of history's most astounding ofthe 11th century was the first to rule what is now turkey, Iran and http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/middle_east/turkey/history.htm

home search help worldguide ... Related Weblinks Turkey History Turkey's EU aspirations are further jeopardised by an unhappy human rights record, a shaky economy and the ongoing stoush with the Kurds. Turkey's sparsely populated eastern and south-eastern regions are home to 6 million Kurds; 4 million Kurds live elsewhere throughout the country, more or less integrated into Turkish society. back to top previous next : We've tried to make the information on this web site as accurate as possible, but it is provided 'as is' and we accept no responsibility for any loss, injury or inconvenience sustained by anyone resulting from this information. You should verify critical information like visas, health and safety, customs, and transportation) with the relevant authorities before you travel. view enlargement view slideshow Lonely Planet guides to Turkey and the world order now Round-the-World Tickets Connect the dots, find a fare Travel Insurance Compare policies, get coverage Global Phonecard Stay in touch and save. Join now for BONUS talk time.

48. History Of Turkey - History Of Anatolia Diplomatic Archives. history of Anatolia. Introduction to turkey; A New WorldFor The Turks Anatolia; Maps; Information about Regions (Pictures, reference). http://www.mfa.gov.tr/grupc/ca/caa/default.htm

Printer Friendly Version History of Anatolia Introduction to Turkey A New World For The Turks : Anatolia Maps Information about Regions (Pictures, reference)

49. MapZones.com History turkey, history, Back to Top. The first major civilization in Anatolia was thatof the Hittites, about 1900 to 1200 bc, which originated in the central plateau. http://www.mapzones.com/world/middle_east/turkey/historyindex.php

50. Lycian Turkey - History Click here to see a map of the ancient regions of turkey. Back to top. TheLycians’ Origins. Back to top. Lycia’s history A Struggle For Freedom. http://www.lycianturkey.com/lycian_history.htm

Lycian History History has not left us with as clear a picture of the Lycians as it has with some other ancient civilizations, such as the Greeks. However, some questions and facts regarding the Lycians can be answered or at least speculated upon. Who were the Lycians? The Lycians' Origins Lycia's History - A Struggle for Freedom The Land of Lycia - It's Environment, Natural Features, Climate and Strategic Geography ... The Lycian Coast and the Scourge of Piracy Who Were the Lycians? The Lycians were an ancient people who inhabited the area of present day Turkey between the bays of Antalya and Fethiye, a compact, mountainous territory. The ancient Greeks knew and admired the Lycians, for the Lycians had solved a problem which baffled the ancient world: how to reconcile free government in the city-state with the needs of a larger political unity. The institutions of the democratic Lycian Federation (the first democratic union known) were studied and envied by most classical writers. The Lycians were an important part of the Greek and Near Eastern worlds since they lived at the point where the two cultures intermingled at an important strategic juncture. They were also one of the few non-Hellenistic nations of antiquity which could not be called ‘barbarians’. In fact, their image in antiquity was much like that of today's Swiss: a hard-working and wealthy people, neutral in world affairs but fierce in the defence of their freedom and conservative in their attachment to ancestral tradition. Lycia was the last region on the entire Mediterranean coast to be incorporated as a province in the Roman Empire and even then the Lycian Union continued to function independently. The Lycians spoke a language of their own before adopting Greek around the 3

51. Turkey Update - Books On Turkey - History & Politics turkey A Modern history by Erik J. Zürcher published January 1998, St Martin'sPress Price $ 24.50 Write your own review Click to buy online. http://www.turkeyupdate.com/books/history.html

Home In Brief Back Issues Features ... Links To be informed of our updates join our mailing list! Enter your email address below, then click the Join List button Powered by ListBot Books on Turkey: Cookery Other Turkey Unveiled by Nicole and Hugh Pope published December 1998 The Overlook Press Price $ 13.56 Write your own review Read what others have written Click to buy online Turkey: A Modern History published January 1998, St Martin's Press Price $ 24.50 Write your own review Click to buy online Top Hat, Grey Wolf and Crescent by Hugh Poulton published September 1997 New York University Press Price $ 45.00 Write your own review Click to buy online Reluctant Neighbor: Turkey's Role in the Middle East by Henri J. Barkey (Editor) published July 1997 United States Institute of Peace Price $ 17.95 Write your own review Click to buy online Ataturk: The Founder of Modern Turkey by Andrew Mango published April 2000 The Overlook Press Price $ 28.00 Write your own review Read what others have written Click to buy online Ataturk (Profiles in Power Series) by A.L. MacFie

52. World Travel Guide - Turkey - History And Government World Travel Guide turkey - history Government - includes informationon the constitution and politics. WORLDTRAVELGUIDE.NET, http://www.travel-guide.com/data/tur/tur580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/Europe/Turkey/HistoryandGovernment'; WORLD TRAVEL GUIDE .NET GUIDES World Travel Guide World City Guide World Airport Guide World Cruise Guide ... World Weather TOOLS Holiday Brochures Mini Guide Online Bookstore World Clock ... Reservations APPENDICES How to Use This Guide Health Disabled Travellers Buddhism ... Travel Warnings LANGUAGES Deutsch Dutch Español Français ... Turkey History and Government History: Cyprus Iraq Six months after the end of the war, in October 1991, national elections were held in Turkey. The election was notable for the emergence of the Islamic party, Refah (Welfare), as a major electoral force for the first time. This caused enormous concern, both inside and outside the country. Ever since, Turkish domestic politics have dominated by the struggle between Islamic groups and the traditional secular parties. The latter, notably Dogru Yol Partisi (DYP, True Path), Anavatan Partisi (AP, Motherland) and Demokratik Sol Partisi (DSP, Democratic Left), had traditionally dominated the political scene but were also the subject of widespread disillusion among the electorate for their inertia, corruption and petty rivalries. Refah , by contrast, were notable for their relative probity and administrative competence. Furthermore, in the background was the National Security Council, the military-dominated body, which in reality is the final arbiter of Turkish politics.

53. About Turkey,history Of Turkey,turkish Cuisine,how To Get To Turkey A country of sun and history, turkey is located where the three continents makingup the old world, Asia, Africa and Europe are closest to each other and http://www.crossroadstravel.com/html/about.html

CROSSROADS For Selective Travelers TRAVEL TURKEY Referencess About Us Adventure Tours Other Services ... Cultural Tours TURKEY IN BRIEF A country of sun and history, Turkey is located where the three continents making up the old world, Asia, Africa and Europe are closest to each other and straddle the point where Europe and Asia meet. Because of its geographical location, the mainland, Anatolia, has witnessed the mass migration of diverse peoples shaping the course of history. The home to countless civilizations, Anatolia has developed a unique synthesis of cultures, each with its own distinct identity, yet each linked to its predecessors through insoluble treads. As an ancient land and modern nation; Turkey today is both the inheritor and conservator of the common heritage of mankind. Did You Know That history climate Seven churches ... Passports and visas Crossroads Tourism Travel Agency is the member of Tursab (Association of Turkish Travel Agencies) and Asta (American Society of Travel Agents) Crossroads Tourism Travel Agency Ataturk Bulvari No: 70 Kusadasi / Turkey Phone: + 90 256 6143712 Pbx Fax:+ 90 256 6133035 info@crossroadstravel.com

54. The Kalkan Website - Interesting Links About Turkey's History, Culture And More Some terrific links about turkey's history, culture and more. turkeyon the Web A Cultural Warehouse www.columbia.edu/~sss31/Turkiye/. http://www.kalkanturkey.com/links.htm

MENU Home About Kalkan Historic Kalkan Day and Night ... Turkey facts Links Property For Sale In the Kalkan Area Kalamus Travel Your Guide to Kalkan Learn about our company, tours and travel services 2003 Daily Tours Kalamus Tours and Travel's 2003 Scheduled Daily Tours Some terrific links about Turkey's history, culture and more Turkey on the Web: A Cultural Warehouse www.columbia.edu/~sss31/Turkiye/ Republic of Turkey www.turkey.org Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture www.kultur.gov.tr Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Tourism www.turizm.gov.tr Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Foreign Affairs www.mfa.gov.tr A fun and humourous approach to learning Turkish, also some funny Turkish stories and jokes: Learning Practical Turkish www2.egenet.com.tr/mastersj/index.html Home About Kalkan Historic Kalkan ... Turkey facts [ Links ] © 2002 Kalamus Tours and Travel Yaliboyu Mah. Kalkan 07960, Kalkan/Antalya, Turkey Tel/Fax: (90) 242. 844. 24 56

55. Discover Turkey: ANATOLIA won what has been called the greatest diplomatic victory in history when the Treatyof Lausanne (see LAUSANNE, TREATY OF) recognized the Republic of turkey. http://www.turkishnews.com/DiscoverTurkey/anatolia/

Discover Turkey Anatolia in Pictures (A short story of civilizations of Anatolia, includes sample images of great works of Anatolians from the end of the third ice-age to the 20th century) Civilizations in Anatolia Ancinet Anatolia The Hittites Byzantine Empire Seljuks ... Links to related sites History of Anatolia In 1055 a group of Central Asiatic Turks, the SELJUKS, conquered Baghdad and established a Middle Eastern and Anatolian empire. When this empire was broken up by the Mongol invasion, one of the remaining local powers became known as the Ottoman dynasty, after its leader OSMAN I. The OTTOMAN EMPIRE spread from northwestern Anatolia and captured Constantinople in 1453. At the peak of their power the Ottomans controlled much of the eastern Mediterranean. The Ottomans had a sophisticated system of internal administration and also organized the first standing army in Europe. As the Ottoman Empire began to collapse under its own weight in the 18th and 19th centuries, it became a battleground for rival European powers, wedged as it was between the Russian and Austrian empires (see EASTERN QUESTION). By the outbreak of World War I the Ottoman Empire had essentially been divided into spheres of influence by the great European powers, but a reform movement was active within the Ottoman Empire itself. The YOUNG TURKS brought about a revolution in 1908 and were successful in introducing civil and social reforms of far-reaching consequence. In 1922, however, the Turks, led by Mustafa Kemal (later known as Kemal ATATURK) and Ismet INONU, defeated the armies occupying Anatolia. Inonu then won what has been called "the greatest diplomatic victory in history" when the Treaty of Lausanne (see LAUSANNE, TREATY OF) recognized the Republic of Turkey. The republic was declared on Oct. 29, 1923, and Ataturk was elected its first president. Turkey remained neutral in World War II until it joined the Allies in February 1945. Turkey joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1952.

56. Turkey-history Lycians, Persians, Macedonians, Romans Byzantine, Ottomans and many morehave all held important places in turkey’s history. Ancient http://www.conextion.com/turkey/history.html

Turkey has been called "the cradle of civilization". By traveling through this historic land, you will discover exactly what is meant by this phrase. The world’s first town, a Neolithic city at Catalhoyuk, dates back to 6,500 BC From the days of Catalhoyuk up to the present time, Turkey boasts of a rich culture that through the centuries has made a lasting impression on modern civilization. The heir to many centuries of cultures makes Turkey a paradise of information and cultural wealth. Lycians, Persians, Macedonians, Romans Byzantine, Ottomans and many more have all held important places in Turkey’s history. Ancient sites and ruins scattered throughout the country give proof to each civilization’s unique distinction. Turkey also has a fascinating recent history. Upon the decline of the Ottoman Empire, a young man by the name of Mustafa Kemal took the defeat of World War I and turned it into a shining victory by liberating Turkey of all foreign invaders. He founded the Republic of Turkey on the 29th of October, 1923. He led his country into peace and stability, with tremendous economic growth and complete modernization. Through the decades of change and growth, Turkey still boasts of this success by effectively living by the adopted motto of "Peace at Home, Peace in the World".

57. Turkey History, Turkey History Info, Travel History Turkey Guide, Discount Hotel Discount Istanbul Hotels Reservation Services. HOME . history OF turkey.PREHISTORIC AGES UNTIL THE END OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. Paleolithic http://www.discount-istanbul-hotels-reservation-services.com/turkey/history.htm

Discount Istanbul Hotels Reservation Services Home About Us Contact Us Hotels in Turkey Adana Hotels Agri Hotels Amasya Hotels Ankara Hotels ... Van Hotels Istanbul Hotel Directory Hotels by Area Downtown Hotels Sultanahmet Hotels Sirkeci Hotels Taksim Hotels ... Prince's Islands Hotels Hotels by Rating 5 Star Istanbul Hotels 4 Star Hotels Istanbul 3 Star Hotels Istanbul 2 Star Istanbul Hotels ... Small Boutique Hotels Hotels by Occasion Luxury Istanbul Hotels Budget Istanbul Hotels Cheap Istanbul Hotels Vacation Hotels ... Pets Allowed Hotels Friendly Links Istanbul hotels Discount istanbul hotels At Istanbul Hotels Turkey Travel Hotels ... At Turkey Hotels TURKEY ISTANBUL 7500 BC First Stone age settlements at Catalhuyuk 1900-1300 BC Hittite Empire with Hattusas as capital, contemporary with ancient Egypt and Babylon 1250 BC The Trojan war and the fall of Troy 1200-700 BC Migration of Greeks to Aegean coastal regions. Establishment of the Phrygian, Ionian, Lycian, Lydian, Carian and Pamphylian Kingdoms. The East of Turkey is the home of the Urartians 700 BC Homer is born in Izmir (Smyrna). Aegean Hellenism begins

58. Golf In Turkey History Is Just A Putt Away In turkey, GuideToturkey.com will show you how to putt your way into history withgolfing daytrips during your stay in Istanbul or complete golfing getaways http://www.guidetoturkey.com/golf/golf.asp

59. Nobilis Golf Club - Antalya Turkey History Is Just A Putt Away Nobilis Golf Resort has been created within the natural pine forest thatborders the Acisu River in Belek on the south coast of turkey. http://www.guidetoturkey.com/golf/nobilis.asp

60. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Turkey (History By Nation) HIGH SCHOOL BEYOND World history history by Nation turkey. LEADERS PERSONALITIESBy Alphabet SPECIAL SUBJECTS; history of Jews in turkey; Kurds; http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/High_School/His

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 Turkey document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); World Book Online Article on TURKEY [country] Ancient History of Anatolia: Overview Comprehensive Overview (Encarta) History of Anatolia ... Contact Us

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