41. Landslides In BC landslides in British Columbia. However, by understanding the answers to thefollowing questions, we may be able to lessen the effects of landslides. http://www.em.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Geolsurv/Surficial/landslid/default.htm

Landslides in BC Landslides in British Columbia The Hope slide, 18 kilometres east of Hope, was one of the largest slides in Canadian history. The southwestern slope of Johnson Peak, collapsed on January 9, 1965, spreading 47 million cubic metres of debris, 85 metres thick, over a 3 kilometre stretch of the Hope-Princeton highway. The slide occurred in an unpopulated area in early morning hours and resulted in four deaths (photo courtesy of the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks). What do we mean by the word "landslide"? Landslide is a general term used to describe the down-slope movement of soil, rock and organic materials under the influence of gravity. It also describes the landform that results. British Columbia's steep, mountainous terrain, its complex geology, its high precipitation, both as rain and snow, its abundance of unconsolidated glacial sediments , and its geographic position astride the earthquake zone that surrounds the Pacific Ocean, all combine to make our province particularly susceptible to landslide activity. In fact, in British Columbia the loss of life and damage to property caused by landslides is greater than losses caused by other natural hazards such as earthquakes and flooding. As our cities, towns, roads and highways steadily encroach onto steeper slopes and mountainsides, landslide hazards become an increasingly serious threat to life and property. However, by understanding the answers to the following questions, we may be able to lessen the effects of landslides.

42. What Causes Landslides? What causes landslides? Some slopes are susceptible to landslides whereas othersare more stable. Next Page What are the different types of landslides? http://www.em.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Geolsurv/Surficial/landslid/ls1.htm

What causes landslides? What causes landslides? Some slopes are susceptible to landslides whereas others are more stable. Many factors contribute to the instability of slopes, but the main controlling factors are the nature of the underlying bedrock and soil, the configuration of the slope, the geometry of the slope, and ground-water conditions . Three distinct physical events occur during a landslide: the initial slope failure, the subsequent transport, and the final deposition of the slide materials. Landslides can be triggered by gradual processes such as weathering , or by external mechanisms including: Undercutting of a slope by stream erosion, wave action, glaciers, or human activity such as road building, Intense or prolonged rainfall , rapid snowmelt, or sharp fluctuations in ground-water levels, Shocks or vibrations caused by earthquakes or construction activity, Loading on upper slopes, or A combination of these and other factors. Once a landslide is triggered, material is transported by various mechanisms including sliding flowing and falling . Landslides often occur along planes of weakness that may parallel the hill slope. In bedrock, planes of weakness are usually

43. Geohazards Natural Resources Canada Studies of earthquakes, flooding, landslides, and snow avalanches. http://sts.gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/geoh.htm

44. California Geological Survey - Landslides landslides, landslide hazards, landslide mapping, watershed restoration,geologic reports. California Home, landslides. CGS provides http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/geologic_hazards/landslides/

California Home Department of Conservation California Geological Survey Landslide Emergency Response ... Guidelines for Evaluating and Mitigating Seismic Hazards in California (SP 117) CGS Links About Us Contact Us Jobs Site Map ... Help/FAQ My CA this site Landslides CGS provides technical information and advice about landslides, erosion, sedimentation, and other geologic hazards to the public, local governments, agencies and industries that make land-use decisions in California. This index shows areas where CGS has prepared landslide maps. Click here to see a complete index to landslide maps available from CGS. The North Coast Watersheds Assessment Program and Timber Harvesting Plan Enforcement and Watershed Restoration Program provide information on landslides, erosion, sedimentation to help guide land-use decisions of California’s forested lands and help preserve water quality and fish habitat.

45. Global Disaster Watch Current worldwide natural disaster warnings and updates volcanoes, flooding and landslides, drought, hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis / tidal waves, meteor showers, solar flares, wildfires, severe weather warnings, disaster archives, record-breaking disasters and earth games. http://www.angelfire.com/on/predictions/

Global Disaster Watch http://www.angelfire.com/on/predictions CURRENT WORLDWIDE NATURAL DISASTERS Warnings and updates for: drought, earthquakes, flooding, hurricanes, landslides, meteor showers, severe weather warnings, solar flares, tsunamis / tidal waves, volcanoes, wildfires, plus disaster archives and record-breaking disasters. UPDATED AROUND 11pm (CST) AND THROUGHOUT THE DAY AS EVENTS OCCUR - latest updates marked with The latest news coming off the news wire Wednesday, April 9, 2003 *A 26-year-old Alberta man is the latest avalanche victim in British Columbia, Canada. *Greenhouse gas increases already blamed for global warming also may be shifting wind and rainfall patterns in the Northern Hemisphere by changing the atmospheric pressure, a new study published in 'Nature' suggests. * The base of clouds that form over the north-eastern states of the U.S. have been getting ever higher over the past 30 years leaving forests drier. (New Scientist magazine) *Lightning can produce significant amounts of ozone and other gases that affect air chemistry, say researchers at

46. Protecting Our Ports And Harbors Introduction To Landslides landslides in the Pacific Northwest. Introduction. Landslide region.These two natural agents act as triggering events for landslides. http://www.csc.noaa.gov/products/tsunamis/htm/cascadia/ld_intro.htm

Earthquakes and Tsunamis . . . building more resilient port and harbor communities Overview Hazards Vulnerability Mitigation Options ... Resources Landslides in the Pacific Northwest Introduction Landslide is a general term which encompasses all types of downward movement of material. Landslides usually start on steep slopes and move downward by the force of gravity, accelerating to speeds of up to 35 miles per hour. Landslides occur in every state of our country and are annually responsible for an estimated 25 to 50 deaths and $1 to $2 billion in property damage (FEMA 1995). Researchers suggest that approximately 40 percent of the United States' population is either directly or indirectly affected by landslide events. What Are the Characteristics of a Landslide? The Pacific Northwest is particularly susceptible to landslides due to the significant amount of precipitation and the earthquake potential of the Cascadia region. These two natural agents act as triggering events for landslides. The principal natural factors, which play a role in landslide potential, are topography, geology, and precipitation. Areas with steep slopes are more susceptible to landslides than flat areas. In general the more precipitation an area experiences the greater the potential for landslides. The type of material that is most prone to landslides, especially in the Pacific Northwest, is a loose type of sediment composed of silt, sand, gravel, and cobble stones called colluvium. This type of material is characteristic of areas with high precipitation and steep slopes.

47. Home A geologic, hydrogeologic, geotechnical, and geoenvironmental services consulting firm located in Seattle Washington specializing in transportation, utilities, landslides, construction, water resources, ennvironmental, CERCLA, and UST studies. http://hydrogeosciences.com/

Geologic, Hydrogeologic, Geotechnical, and Geoenvironmental Services For further information about Hydro-Geosciences, please click one of the icons below Hydro-Geosciences PROFILE and S ERVICES Hydro-Geosciences REPRESENTATIVE PROJECTS Hydro-Geosciences PEOPLE

48. Landslides landslides. landslides occur when a portion of a hillslope becomes too weakto support its own weight. Flows are landslides that behave like fluids. http://www.germantown.k12.il.us/html/landslides.html

Grade 7 Natural Disasters Project Landslides Landslides occur when a portion of a hillslope becomes too weak to support its own weight. This weakness is generally initiated when rainfall or some other source of water increases the water content of the slope, reducing the strength of the materials. Other causes of landslides include earthquakes and loud sounds. Many types of landslides move seasonally or periodically and may lie dormant for years. Landslides are generally classified into slides, falls and flows. Slides move as large bodies by slipping along one or more failure surfaces. Falls of rock or soil originate on cliffs or steep slopes. Large rockfalls can be catastrophic events. An earthquake off the coast of Peru in 1970 started a rockfall which accelerated to more than 170 miles per hour and buried more than 18,000 people. Flows are landslides that behave like fluids. Mudflows involve wet mud and debris. Earthflows involve wet, claylike material. Solifluction is the downslope flow of soil that occurs on arctic and alpine hillsides when thawed ice or snow saturates the soil cover. Landslides constitute a major geologic hazard because they occur in all 50 states, causing $1-2 billion in damages and more than 25 deaths each year. Landslides commonly occur with other major natural disasters, such as earthquakes and floods. The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington was preceded by the development of a large landslide on the north side of the volcano. The Northridge earthquake in 1994 in the San Fernando Valley triggered thousands of landslides in the Santa Susanna Mountains north of the epicenter.

49. News And Information--GEOLOGIC HAZARDS TEAM (Landslides Hazards And Debris Flows USGS (Geological Survey) team page, covering Hazards related to landslides and debris flows. http://landslides.usgs.gov/html_files/landslides/newsinfo.html

Landslide News and Information Last updated 7 April, 2003 See also: Recent Events , and Latest Pages The search for victims of the Chima, Bolivia landslide (added 7 April, 2003) Chima, BoliviaLandslide Buries Hundreds of Houses (added 02-Apr-2003) Preliminary Soil-Slip Susceptibility Maps, Southwestern California (added 05-Mar-2003) Torrential Rains in Southern California Cause Landslides (added 18 February, 2003) Landslides in Garut, West Java - 18 people killed (added 30 January, 2003) Hail and landslides disrupt Vanuatu (South Pacific) (added 07 January, 2003) Vanuatu 5.9 magnitude earthquake causes damaging landslides (added 11 December, 2002) Photos of landslides and fault displacement from the November 3, 2002 Alaskan earthquake (added 21 November, 2002) Landslides resulting from the November 3, 2002 Denali Fault, Alaska, Earthquake (added 21 November, 2002) Ice Slab from Glacier Engulfs Village (added 23 September, 2002) Landslides in Nepal Sweep Away Houses (added 27 August, 2002)

50. ThinkQuest Library Of Entries forces of nature, english español - flash version - main page, landslides introduction . A thick, heavy mass of muddy earth http://library.thinkquest.org/C003603/english/landslides/index.shtml

Welcome to the ThinkQuest Internet Challenge of Entries The web site you have requested, Forces of Nature , is one of over 4000 student created entries in our Library. Before using our Library, please be sure that you have read and agreed to our To learn more about ThinkQuest. You can browse other ThinkQuest Library Entries To proceed to Forces of Nature click here Back to the Previous Page The Site you have Requested ... Forces of Nature click here to view this site A ThinkQuest Internet Challenge 2000 Entry Click image for the Site Awards Received Silver Languages : Site Desciption Forces of Nature strives to educate users on the workings of our dynamic planet, Earth. From aurora borealis to Heiligenschein to the elusive Fata Morgana, the site provides interesting facts about natural phenomena that encompass our world. Not only do we provide in-depth information regarding earth science, geology, fifteen common natural disasters, unusual phenomena, their impact, effects, and causes, but our website also provides guidelines and tips for event prediction, preparation, and prevention. This site features historical case studies, real-life stories, interviews, current incidents, and experiments. There are also resource tools, teacher curriculum aids, interactive topic exploration programs, disaster simulations, multimedia galleries, games, and quizzes. This site hopes to teach appreciation and understanding of the natural world, with emphasis on avoiding the consequences of Earth?s evolution and revolution.

51. Geoindicators: Slope Failure (landslides) NAME Slope failure (landslides). Slower movements result in slides (debris, rockblocks), topples, slumps (rock, earth), complex landslides and creep. http://www.gcrio.org/geo/slope.html

NAME: Slope failure (landslides) BRIEF DESCRIPTION: There are many ways in which slopes may fail, depending on the angle of slope, the water content, the type of earth material involved, and local environmental factors such as ground temperature. Mass movements (landslides, mass wasting) may take place suddenly and catastrophically, resulting in debris and snow avalanches, lahars, rock falls and slides, flows (debris, quick clay, loess, and dry or wet sand and silt). For example, the initial velocity of mudflows can reach 30m/second in a few seconds, slowing to several m/day. Slower movements result in slides (debris, rock blocks), topples, slumps (rock, earth), complex landslides and creep. Landsliding is commonly regarded as one of the most predictable of geological hazards. Three parameters are particularly important for monitoring all kinds of mass movements. Ground cracks are the surface manifestation of a variety of mass movements. In plan, they are commonly concentric or parallel, and have widths of a few centimeters and lengths of several meters, which distinguishes them from the much shorter desiccation cracks [see desert surface crusts and fissures ]. The formation of cracks and any increase in their rate of widening is a common measure of impending slope failure.

52. FEMA: Preparedness U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) fact sheets on preparing for natural and technological disasters. Natural disasters discussed include earthquakes, landslides, mudflows, volcanoes, hurricanes, tornadoes, tsunamis, floods, and wildland fires. http://www.fema.gov/rrr/prep.shtm

Hazards Assistance Flood Maps NPSC ... Home Preparedness Search FEMA Individual Assistance Public Assistance Hazard Mitigation Federal Response Plan Preparedness Disasters take many forms. They're caused by gale force winds, sudden floods, releases of deadly chemicals, fire, ice, even upheavals of the earth itself. When disaster strikes, the best protection is knowing what to do. To find out more about disasters and steps you can take to prepare , select a disaster or other topic below for further information. To find out detailed information about your community's disaster plans, call your local office of emergency services. Natural Disasters Earthquakes Extreme Heat Fire Safety During or After a Disaster Floods and Flash Floods ... Thunderstorms and Lightning Technological Disasters Hazardous Materials House and Building Fires Nuclear Power Plant Emergency Terrorism It is important to consider the plight of animals during disasters. For more information on this subject, visit the Animals and Emergencies section FEMA also produces a number of publications.

53. Landslides landslides. In Santa Cruz county, the eventual damage due to these landslidesmay exceed the damage suffered during the earthquake itself. http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~es10/fieldtripEarthQ/Damage4.html

Landslides House destroyed by landslide, Santa Cruz Mountains (photo by Jeff Marshall): These landslides have become a major public policy issue in the county. The debate centers around whether to allow homeowners to rebuild on threatened property or not. Recently, the county board of supervisors approved rebuilding, if proper geologic investigation shows that there is no immediate threat of injury or death. The homeowners must then sign a waiver releasing the county from any liability, and any geologic hazard must be clearly indicated in the deed for the property. The average house in the Santa Cruz Mountains has a value of at least $200,000, which naturally introduces a number of interesting legal, economic, and emotional complications to this situation. Roadcut failure on Old Soquel-San Jose Highway, Santa Cruz Mountains (photo by Jeff Marshall): This rockfall covers the southbound lane of Old Soquel-San Jose Highway. Santa Cruz is connected to the south San Francisco Bay region by three main arteries (all narrow mountain roads): Highway 17, Highway 9, and the Old Soquel-San Jose Highway. During the earthquake there were landslides on all three, severely limiting access to Santa Cruz. The only unaffected route to the South Bay was Mt. Charlie Rd., the 19th century stagecoach road. Laurel curve landslide, State Highway 17, Santa Cruz Mountains (photo by Jeff Marshall): This landslide, initiated by the earthquake, covered both of the northbound lanes of Hwy 17, the major commuter route between Santa Cruz and San Jose. This landslide was the most extensive of numerous slope failures that caused a month long closure of Highway 17. The concrete wall in this photo is the highway center divider.

54. Landslide Slide Show Photographs and detailed descriptions of several areas prone to landslides. http://www.kingston.ac.uk/~ce_s011/landslid/slides.htm

The Landslide Slide Show at Kingston University created by Professor Eddie Bromhead Last Modified 22nd March 2000 - Added link to Lympne / Lemanis / Stutfall Castle These pages are very preliminary Some pages of landslide interest in my site - most of these have coloured diagrams and photographs as noted. Please note that many of the diagrams and photographs in these pages will only display correctly if you have good colour depth on your display - more than 256 colours is best. Landslides: international Landslides: UK Stabilization Valley-blocking landslides (diagrams) Landslips affecting the Roman Fort Lemanis also known as ... Hadleigh Castle landslips (photos - and now, diagrams too) Please feel free to copy and use the low resolution diagrams and photos on this Web Page for academic or not-directly commercial use. By the latter, I mean by all means use them, if you want, in reports, training materials etc, but don't pass them off as your own or offer them for sale. I'd appreciate a reference in anything you publish - if you contact me I can tell you where the diagrams were first published. If you are interested in the Photo-CD resolution images (photos) or Corel-DRAW 5 graphics images, then please e Mail me. I have far more diagrams, photos, etc than I can realistically use on Web pages - if you are looking for something specific, get in touch. I can't always help, but I'll try. Links to other good landslide sites: The Anaheim Landslide (California) site US Geological Survey National Landslide Info Center Italian landslides Eddie Bromhead's Home Page (CV, publications etc)

55. NATURAL HAZARDS AND DISASTERS: LANDSLIDES NATURAL HAZARDS AND DISASTERS. landslides. landslides IN THE CARIBBEAN. landslidesin the Bahamas. landslides in Barbados. landslides in the British Virgin Islands. http://isis.uwimona.edu.jm/uds/Landslides.html

NATURAL HAZARDS AND DISASTERS LANDSLIDES GENERAL The USGS Landslide Information Centre and The U.S. Geological Survey's "Themes" Page and the Central Region's Geologic Hazard Web Page Covers landslides, as well as other geologic hazards. The landslide section include a digitized landslide map of the conterminous U.S. that shows both susceptibility and occurrence of slides. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Website provides "fact sheets' - including preparedness tips - concerning most natural and technological hazards. A fact sheet on landslides is available Fact Sheet LANDSLIDE and MASS EARTH MOVEMENTS by NGDC The International Landslide Research Group (ILRG) The International Landslide Research Group (ILRG) is an informal groupof individuals concerned about mass earth movement and interested in sharing information on landslide research. The ILRG Web site currently provides all back issues of the group's newsletters, with information about landslide programs, new iniatitives, meetings and publications, the experiences of people engaged in landslide research, and "any other information about landslide research that 'normal' journals will not accept." ILRG Newsletter Back Issues Landslide News Published by the Japan Landslide Society E-Mail: L-News@landslide.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp

56. Virtual Fieldtrip Of The Slumgullion Earthflow. Detailed history of the geology of large landslides that dammed the Gunnison River in the San Juan Mountains near Lake City, Colorado. http://landslides.usgs.gov/slumtrip/slumtrip.htm

A Virtual Field Trip of the Slumgullion Earthflow, Hinsdale County, Colorado requires a browser that supports JAVA. Please upgrade your browser and return for the Virtual Field Trip. The Slumgullion Earth flow: A Large-Scale Natural Laboratory Edited by D.J. Varnes and W.Z. Savage U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2130 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1996 Introduction by D.J. Varnes and W.Z. Savage Click for larger image Chapter 1 Preliminary chronology of the Slumgullion landslide, Hinsdale County, Colorado by Richard F. Madole Chapter 2. Kinematic studies of the Slumgullion landslide, Hinsdale County, Colorado by Rex L. Baum and Robert W. Fleming Chapter 3. Preliminary geologic map and alteration mineralogy of the main scarp of the Slumgullion landslide by Sharon F. Diehl and Robert L. Schuster Chapter 4 Retreat of the Slumgullion main scarp by Robert L. Schuster and William K. Smith Chapter 5 Radiocarbon age of a newly identified Slumgullion landslide deposit by Alan F. Chleborad Chapter 6 Slumgullion landslide dam and its effects on the Lake Fork by Robert L. Schuster

57. Washington DGER: Landslides information. (Photo Karl Wegmann). landslides. landslides are a continuingproblem along the hillsides and shorelines of Washington. Some http://www.wa.gov/dnr/htdocs/ger/landslid.htm

Landslide Links View northwest along main scarp of the deep-seated reactivated Aldercrest-Banyon (Kelso, WA) earth slump-slide as it appeared in August 2000. Click on photo for larger view and more information. (Photo: Karl Wegmann) Landslides Landslides are a continuing problem along the hillsides and shorelines of Washington. Some landslide areas and the causes of sliding have been recognized for decades, but that information has not always been widely known or used outside the geologic community. As the population of Washington grows, there are increasing pressures to develop in landslide-prone areas, so knowledge about these landslide hazards has never been more important. Article: Puget Sound Bluffs: The Where, Why, and When of Landslides Following the Holiday 1996/97 Storms From Washington Geology , vol. 25, no. 1, March 1997 Geologic Hazards DGER Home Last modified 19 Jul 2001

58. Drainage Of Landslides landslides landslide remedial works stabilisation stabilization drainagetrench drain. Water in landslides and drainage for stabilization. http://www.kingston.ac.uk/~ku00323/landslid/trench.htm

Water in landslides and drainage for stabilization - some ideas - (Version 1, January 1997) This page was created on a 1024x768 monitor, using 16k colours. It may not show well at lower resolutions and colour depths. This diagram shows how water can move through a landslide: where it comes from and where it goes to Here, a trench drain has been used in the landslip on the coast at Barton on Sea (Hampshire). The drain has silted up (become blocked) and is being dug out and reinstated. This diagram shows a coastal landslide with several systems of drainage In the Henllys landslide in South Wales trench drains have been dug in front of the landslip, so that it will slide over the top, and be drained from underneath. ... as seen in this long shot. Drains are installed in near-horizontal boreholes under a tip of urban refuse which was sliding downhill near Ancona, Italy. Drains are installed in near-horizontal boreholes from shafts in a coastal landslide at Herne Bay, Kent. Drains are installed in a variety of ways to stabilize slopes. Some other pages of landslide interest Back to main Slide Show page Eddie Bromhead's Home Page Zentoku landslide, Japan

59. Landslides : State Counter Disaster Organisation landslides usually involve the movement of large amounts of eitherearth, rock, sand or mud or any combination of these. landslides http://www.disaster.qld.gov.au/disasters/landslides.asp

Warning Signal Cyclones Flooding Severe Storms ... Disasters Landslides usually involve the movement of large amounts of either earth, rock, sand or mud or any combination of these. Landslides can be caused by earthquakes, volcanoes, soil saturation from rainfall or seepage or by human activity (eg. vegetation removal, construction on steep terrain). The rate of movement of a landslide can vary from exceptionally slow - centimetres per year, to a sudden and total collapse - such as an avalanche of perhaps millions of tonnes of debris. The distance travelled by landslide debris can also vary greatly, from a few centimetres in 'ground slumps', to many kilometres when large mud flows follow river valleys. The Department of Emergency Services' purpose is to save lives, protect property and help preserve the natural environment through the delivery of emergency and disaster management services. Last updated 17 December . For information regarding this site, contact

60. CVO Menu - Reid And LaHusen, 1998, Real-time Monitoring Of Active Landslides Alo Realtime Monitoring of Aative landslides along Highway 50, El Dorado County, California. http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Projects/CalifLandslide/Publications/ReidLaHusen/frame

USGS/Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, Washington REPORT: Real-time Monitoring of Active Landslides Along Highway 50, El Dorado County, California Mark E. Reid, and Richard G. LaHusen, 1998, Real-time Monitoring of Active Landslides Along Highway 50, El Dorado County: adapted from: California Geology, v.51, n.3, p.17-20 Late in the rainy evening of January 24, 1997, tons of earth gave way down a steep Sierra Nevada canyon slope and slid onto a major northern California highway. The since-named Mill Creek landslide closed U. S. Highway 50 and briefly dammed (5 hours) the nearby South Fork of the American River, about 25 miles east of Placerville (Sydnor, 1997). The slide damaged or destroyed three cabins, and waters dammed by the landslide flooded two vehicles on the highway. Fortunately, there were no fatalities and the waters subsided after the river cut through the dam later that night. However, before Highway 50 could be reopened, an estimated 350,000 cubic yards of slide material (35,000 truck loads) had to be removed over a 4-week period, at a cost of $4.5 million (California Department of Transportation, 1997). Indirect economic costs due to highway closure were estimated at more than $1 million per day. Reid and LaHusen, 1998

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