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         Kalenjin Indigenous Peoples Africa:     more detail

21. Catholic Online - Services
of the President’s kalenjin tribal group Fides) – A Missionary of africa (WhiteFather children, systematic oppression of indigenous peoples, child workers
http://www.fides.org/English/e19980130.html
Prayers Services CatholicShopping.com Forum ...
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22. Study Abroad In Kenya Essay 1
population.The Luo represent 12.4%, the kalenjin represent 11.46 days when Europeansfirst came to africa and called the indigenous peoples savages for
http://www.coe.uga.edu/coenews/2001/Kenya_Marla.htm
Marla Scott , a junior in biology, from Winterville.
“Don’t cry because it is over, smile because it happened.” One of the other students who participated in the Kenya Study Abroad program with me this year sent me an email with these words of wisdom in it. I feel that it directly applies to my experiences, and when I think of the time I spent in Kenya, a smile always comes to my face and a longing to someday return. The trip, which spanned twenty-four days and took us to many different cities, parks, and natural areas of Kenya, changed the way that I look at the world. In fact, upon my return I expected my home to be different, the people to be changed. It took me a while to realize that everything was exactly as it was before, and that it was my views that had been drastically altered. And each time someone asks me “How was Africa?” I feel a little helpless in knowing I can’t possibly justify the magnitude of my experience in a couple sentences.
From the moment we stepped off the airplane I was a giddy, wide-eyed, airplane creased explorer. All thoughts of being professional fled my mind with that first breathe of Kenyan air, and I think I can safely say that all of the people on the trip spent that first night saying “Wow, this is Kenyan dirt” or “Look, it’s an African tree”.

23. McNutt - Fathers Of The Empty Spaces; Strangers Forever
exogenous spatial imaginations and the indigenous imaginations of Relations of Blacksmithsamong kalenjinSpeaking peoples peoples of the Horn of africa Somali
http://www.cwru.edu/affil/GAIR/papers/2001papers/mcnutt.htm
Spatiality and Marginal Social Groups in Ancient Israel Paula M. McNutt Canisius College AAR/SBL Constructions of Ancient Space Seminar 2001
Introduction
One of the primary difficulties in trying to reconstruct the intended meanings of the writers of biblical texts, and how these were understood by their ancient audiences, is our inability to observe directly their socially shared experiences, and how these were expressed in their beliefs. My aim in this paper is to suggest some possible scenarios for understanding the social location of marginal social groups in ancient Israel, with a particular emphasis on how "otherness" and "difference" are represented spatially. I will be drawing in particular on the ideas of geographer Edward Soja (1996) and French "metaphilosopher" Henri Lefebvre, whose ideas have heavily influenced Soja. I am particularly interested in what Soja has to say about marginality, boundaries, and "otherness" or "difference." Soja's work is particularly interesting because he encourages us to look at space and constructs of spatiality in radically new ways. In doing this, he is not pressing us to give up our old and familiar ways of thinking about space and spatiality, but rather suggesting that we question them in new ways that are aimed at opening up and expanding the scope and critical sensibility of our already established spatial or geographical imaginations (1996: 1). As intrinsically spatial beings, and active participants in the construction of our own spatialities, Soja argues, we need to begin thinking about the spatiality of human life in much the same way that we approach life's historicality and sociality, and to become more aware of the social consequences of our constructions. In his work Soja emphasizes the interdependence and interwoven complexity of the social, the historical, and the spatial as

24. HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSE IN KENYA 1978-2001.
were not being perpetrated by indigenous people, there thirtyeight policemen witnesseda kalenjin raid on a to be secured for the majority of Kenya's peoples.
http://web.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v5/v5i1a1.htm
HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSE IN KENYA UNDER DANIEL ARAP MOI, 1978-2001
Korwa G. Adar and Isaac M Munyae INTRODUCTION Jomo Kenyatta, the founding president of Kenya, passed away in August 1978 after fourteen years as head of state. His successor, Daniel Arap Moi, served as Kenyattas vice-president from 1966 - 1978. During Kenyatta's presidency, the political realm was dominated by a small Kikuyu elite, the so-called Kiambu Mafia, from Kenyata's home district. This group undermined Kenyatta's nationalist and populist background, alienating other ethnic groups, as well as many non-conforming Kikuyus. Although Moi was loyal to Kenyatta, he was never accepted into Kenyatta's inner circle. He also came from a small communitythe Kalenjin. He was regarded by Kenyans to be the right candidate to steer the country towards a more accommodating human rights era, without ethnic dominance.
This general perception of Moi by Kenyans was reinforced by the decisions and promises he made immediately he took over the presidency. In December 1978 Moi released all twenty-six political detainees across the ethnic spectrum, most of whom had been languishing in jails for years.

25. Profile Of The Mukogodo People Of Kenya
we know of following the indigenous San (Bushmen). followed by the Highland Nilotes(kalenjin Cluster), then Luo and related Uganda peoples still stretching up
http://endor.hsutx.edu/~obiwan/profiles/mukogodo.html
SLRK Profiles Menu Strategy Leader Resource Kit Home People Profile
The Mukogodo of Kenya Religion : Traditional Monotheism
Population : A few hundred
Status Location : The Mukogodo live in the Mukogodo Forest of west central Kenya. They were originally an Eastern Cushite group, predating the Nilotes and Bantu in this area. There are no remaining speakers of the original language, called Yaaku. History : The Mukogodo represent a second wave of Cushite immigration into the Rift Valley area of East Africa. The earlier Southern Cushites were the first settlers we know of following the indigenous San (Bushmen). The San were here first before the time of Christ. Then came the Southern Cushites in the first millennium AD, then Eastern Cushites, followed by the Highland Nilotes (Kalenjin Cluster), then the early Bantu. Later came intermingled waves of Plains Nilotes (Maasai-Teso-Karamojong-Turkana), later Bantu (Logoli-Kuria-Ganda, etc.) and River-Lake Nilotes (Luo and related Uganda peoples still stretching up into the Waa River marshes in Sudan). Identity : Various old Cushite groups in the Rift Valley of Kenya and Tanzania have become affiliated with various Nilotic tribes as clients, mostly as a self-defense for their own preservation under the various waves of Nilotic migration into their ancestral area.

26. VADA - Volkeren Stammen Peoples Tribes I - L
KAFIRS (Zuid Afrika South africa). Kafirs Kalapalo See also IndigenousPeoples in Brazil. See also Native American. kalenjin (Kenia - Kenya).
http://www.vada.nl/volkenil.htm

27. Chapter Eight
1. The physical geography of africa is dominated by the continents plateau character, variable rainfall, soils of low fertility and persistent environmental problems such as desertification. dividing unified african peoples, throwing hostile societies of africa. Britain emphasized indirect rule. indigenous power structures
http://www.accd.edu/sac/earthsci/sgirhard/1303.090/chap8.htm
CHAPTER 8
SUBSAHARAN AFRICA
1. The physical geography of Africa is dominated by the continents plateau character, variable rainfall, soils of low fertility and persistent environmental problems such as desertification.
2. The majority of Africa’s people remain dependent on farming for their livelihood. Urbanization is accelerating, but most countries population remain below 40 percent urban.
3. It’s inhabitants continue to face a high incidence of disease, including malaria, sleeping sickness and river blindness, AIDS and eboli are relatively new and virulent diseases.
4. Most of Africa’s political boundaries were drawn during the colonial period without regard for the human and physical geography of the areas they divided.
5. Considerable economic development has occurred in many scattered areas of Africa but much of the realm’s population continues to have little access to the goods and services of the world economy.
6. The realm is rich in raw materials vital to industry and industrialized countries.

28. VADA - Volkeren En Stammen Peoples Tribes O - Q
The indigenous peoples in the Philippines See also kalenjin See also Kenya's peoplesee also Kenia See also peoples of India See also Afghanistan People
http://www.vada.nl/volkenoq.htm

29. Kenya -- History
largest NiloHamatic group today are the kalenjin. a royal charter to operate in EastAfrica. From the beginning, the indigenous peoples strongly resisted the
http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/NEH/k-hist.html
Kenya History
Early in the 16th century, the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama stopped at Mombasa on his way to India. The Portuguese built Fort Jesus in Mombasa in 1593; this soon became the headquarters of Portuguese officials and the main port of call for Portuguese vessels, but the fort was captured by Omani Arabs in 1698. In the 18th century, the Arabs made several attempts to penetrate the interior of the region in efforts to take over control of the slave trade then dominated by the Kamba. These attempts were repelled; only in the beginning of the 19th century were the Arabs able to take over the internal slave trade. One consequence of the Arab incursion was the consolidation of the politics of the Luo and the Luhya. When Europeans began to penetrate the area in the 19th century, the coastal areas were ruled by the Sultan of Zanzibar.[2] Opposition to Moi's one-party rule grew during 1990.[4] In July, 1990, Charles Rubia, Matiba and Raila Odinga, son of the former Vice President, were arrested and detained without trial when their public "pro-democracy" rallies were banned. Their arrest was protested at home and abroad, and riots spread in the central province. Though a KANU Delegates' Conference in December voted to keep the one-party system, a government-sponsored national dialogue was set in motion with the goal of facilitating broader democracy in spite of one-party rule. Despite these mollifying gestures, public discontent with the government and KANU increased. In August, 1990, Oginga Odinga and six prominent opposition leaders, formed the Forum for Restoration of Democracy (FORD) with extensive multi-ethnic support. The new movement immediately gained the public's support and its popularity soared.

30. Kenya -- Ethnic Groups
The kalenjin are mainly farmers. The principal nonindigenous ethnic minorities arethe Arabs and constitute the majority of the Bantu speaking peoples of Kenya
http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/NEH/k-ethn.html
Kenya Ethnic Groups
The Kikuyu, Meru, Gusii, Embu, Akamba, Luyha (or alternate spelling of Luyia), Swahili and Mijikenka (which in fact is a group of different ethnic groups) constitute the majority of the Bantu speaking peoples of Kenya. In general, the Bantu have been farmers. The Kikuyu (or Gikuyu) homeland is around Mount Kenya and it is believed they migrated into the area from East and North East Africa around the 16th century. They were neighbors of the Maasai and although there were raids for cattle between them, there was also a lot of trade and intermarriage. The Kikuyu god, Ngai, resides on Mt. Kenya which they call Kirinyaga . As with other ethnic groups, the traditional healer was held in high esteem. For the Kikuyu, land ownership is the most important social, political, religious, and economic factor. They have a complex system of land ownership that revolves around close kin, The importance of land brought them into conflict with the colonial government when white settlers and farmers occupied their traditional lands. Today, Kikuyu farmers produce most of the fresh produce that is consumed in Nairobi as well as coffee and tea for export. Many Kikuyu have also been successful in economic and commercial endeavors. Traditionally, the Kikuyu were governed by a council of elders based on clans. The Akamba The Luyha's traditional homeland is around Kakamega in western Kenya. They are Kenya's third largest ethnic group after the Kikuyu and the Luo. The Luyha suffer from high population density which effects their farming economy as cultivation occurs on plots that get smaller with each generation. They are important producers of sugar-cane.

31. Fourth World Bulletin, Spring/Summer 1996
The Maasai are pastoral seminomads indigenous to the fertile Rift Other pastoralpeoples, including the Turkana, Samburu, and the kalenjin,2 also have
http://carbon.cudenver.edu/fwc/Issue10/Africa/maasai-2.html
A FRICA
MDA Testimony at the UN Working Group
At the 1993 meeting of the UNWGIP and also at the 1993 Vienna World Conference on Human Rights, the MDA articulated the major problems that currently threaten Maasai culture and identity. The delegation presented testimony describing the ecological degradation of Maasailand, the lack of adequate educational facilities, Maasai displacement at the hands of competing peoples, and the misappropriation of funds earmarked for indigenous development projects. Foremost among the MDA's concerns is the desire to recover lands in Kenya's Rift Valley Province, which were lost through dispossession over the past century. Because Maasai culture is inextricably bound to the land, their concern is understandable; dispossession of territory threatens to obliterate their culture. In addition to its fear of increasing landlessness, the MDA explains that the Maasai have also been unable to achieve compensation for lands already taken from them. In particular, a great part of Maasailand was set aside for game reserves and national parks to expand Kenya's tourist economy, but to date, the Maasai have not benefitted from that development. Instead, they now face losing more land, as non-indigenous people attempt to buy it (or otherwise take it) from them. And while encroachment disrupts the cultural integrity of the Maasai, unsound farming methods used by non-indigenous peoples further upset the delicate ecological balance of the Rift Valley. The MDA claims that the unrestrained use of the herbicides, pesticides and fertilizers has polluted water sources in grazing areas.

32. Environmental Justice Cast Study: Maasai Land Rights In Kenya And Tanzania
kalenjin. Globalization, Tourism and indigenous. peoples What You Should Know Aboutthe World’s Largest Industry (Online). Available http//www2.planeta.com
http://www.umich.edu/~snre492/Jones/maasai.htm
Environmental Justice Case Study: Maasai Land Rights in Kenya and Tanzania By: Julie Narimatsu Table of Contents Problem Background Key Actors Demographics ... Back to EJ Case Studies Homepage PROBLEM While many people perceive the term eco-tourism to mean a more friendly, sustainable kind of tourism, most are not aware of the negative impacts that result from this type of tourism. Most of what goes on is what is considered "nature tourism." It is based on the use of natural resources in an undeveloped state. Therefore, when tourists engage in "nature tourism," they are seeing the wilds of Africa, South America and Australia, among other destinations, free of human interaction or disruption. To distinguish among the many types of tourism, we will define the more idealistic eco-tourism as "progressive, educational travel, which conserves the environment and benefits the locals (Schaller, 2)." In Africa, the Maasai tribes of Kenya and Tanzania have endured a long history of colonization by the British. The value of the natural resources in these areas became apparent from the very beginning, when the British perceived the pastoralist Maasai and other tribes to be incompatible with the wildlife that inhabited the area. With this separation of people and nature, national parks in Kenya were created without any consideration for the local communities (Cheeseman, 2). Today, these problems have escalated as more and more parks and reserves are being created by the government without the participation or consent of the indigenous people. The indigenous people consider development, whether it is through tourism or other government projects, to only benefit others and not their own situations (Kipuri, 2). Over the course of their existence, Maasai land has been taken away from them repeatedly, and after many broken promises of compensation and participation, the Maasai have started to fight for their land rights. Says Edward ole Mbarnoti, a Maasai leader

33. MOST Ethno-Net Publication: Anthropology Of Africa
father Oginga Odinga formed the Kenya peoples Union (KPU by the fear that the Kalenjinwould suffer which bred opposition with a strong indigenous base (ethnic
http://www.ethnonet-africa.org/pubs/p95mwaruvie.htm
MOST ETHNO-NET AFRICA PUBLICATIONS
    Anthropology of Africa and the Challenges of the Third Millennium
    - Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflicts, PAAA / APA, 1999
Political Party Cooperation in Post-election as Ethnic Tensions
(Kenyan Case) John M. Mwaruvie History Department, Moi University P O Box 3900 Eldoret, Kenya ABSTRACT
In most African states, general elections generate a lot of ethnic tensions. This is because most parties are ethnic-based or receive support from certain ethnic groups. When a party loses in an election, it is excluded from the government and the ethnic group that supported it suffers reprisals, its members are even victimized in the civil service, parastatals and other state backed institutions. This attitude has generated more tensions and conflicts.
This paper attempts to give suggestions on how post-election tensions can be minimized in plural societies. Kenya will be taken to show that party cooperation between KANU, NDP and Ford Kenya has created coexistence of the ethnic groups that supported such parties. The paper also evaluates the impact of party cooperation in the future of multiparty politics in Kenya. The paper also draws examples from other countries like Zimbabwe and South Africa to show the merits of party cooperation in defusing would-be conflicts.

34. Information About Africa
the Government of Sudan on its indigenous African population. Kenya Web The Peoplesof Kenya. Turkana Teso Njemps Elmolo Highland Nilotic (kalenjin group) Nandi
http://www.africaonfire.org/infoafrica.htm
Welcome to the World; of Africa:
Africa On Fire
Research and Information Page.
Please read Purpose and Objectives Statement. and
before going on. You will need to use your BACK button until you return to this page after viewing the following links. Return here in the furture for updated information and links. We try to post links to and current information about what is going on in Africa.
To view information on our ministry and programs on Africa go to: Joe and Peggy's work with Africa On Fire page.
Information on Sudan
The following websites contain information about the persecution in Sudan.
The Sudan Campaign. A broad coalition of activists have initiated “The Sudan Campaign” – two weeks of intensive activity in Washington and around the country – to spotlight the on-going genocide in Sudan. The Campaign calls the nation to action and petitions President Clinton to stop what Congress deems a “genocidal” onslaught by the Government of Sudan on its indigenous African population. The onslaught includes forced starvation, enslavement, and religious persecution.
The Campaign arises in response to Secretary of State Albright’s challenge that suffering in Sudan has not been “ marketable” to the American people. But Americans care deeply about victims of genocide, and will not sit by silently.

35. Country Info - Kenya
through by wave upon wave of peoples from all over Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%,kalenjin 12%, Kamba Protestant 38%, Roman Catholic 28%, indigenous beliefs 26
http://www.safari.nl/landen/kenya.html
about us contact links sitemap COUNTRY INFO - KENYA Click here for gameparks!
Kenya is still the primary focus of all adventure travel in Africa. It is one of the finestand undoubtedly the most famoussafari destination in the world. Safari , however, is by no means the only reason to visit Kenya, for the attractions of its rich culture and diverse environments are considerable.
Kenya is situated right along the equator, on the eastern coast of the African continent. Its coastal region is on the southeast, and to the east lies Somalia. Ethiopia is to the north, the Sudan to the northwest, and Uganda directly to the west. The southwestern border of the country is marked by Lake Victoria, and southward lies Tanzania. Kenya's geography is marvelously varied. While much of northeastern Kenya is a flat, bush-covered plain, the remainder of the country encompasses pristine beaches, scenic highlands and lake regions, the Great Rift Valley, and the magnificent Mount Kenya.
Although Kenya's varied environments experience a wide variety of climate conditions, the temperature remains comfortably warm year-round. Much of Kenya experiences heavy rainfall from March through May and, to a lesser extent, from October through December. The best time for most

36. Kenya
22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, kalenjin 12%, Kamba English (official), Kiswahili (official),numerous indigenous languages Literacy wave upon wave of peoples from all
http://www.safari.nl/2002/landen/kenia.html
about us contact links sitemap Geography
Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia and Tanzania
Area: total: 582,650 sq km
land: 569,250 sq km
border countries: Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda
Climate: varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
Terrain: low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile plateau in west
Natural resources: gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barites, rubies, fluorspar, garnets, wildlife, hydropower
Population: 30,765,916
Nationality: noun: Kenyan(s)
adjective: Kenyan Ethnic groups: Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and Arab) 1% Religions: Protestant 38%, Roman Catholic 28%, indigenous beliefs 26%, Muslim 7%, other 1% Languages: English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Kenya former: British East Africa Government type: republic Capital: Nairobi National holiday: Independence Day, 12 December (1963)

37. The Constitution Of Kenya Review Commission
bigger tribes such as the Abaluyia, the kalenjin and the demands by minority ormajority peoples who do example of building on the indigenous in constitution
http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/docs/07d005.htm
The Commission The Review Process The Constitution: Past, Present and Amendments Civic Education on the Constitution ... Some of your Views Building On The Indigenous In Constitution Making
By Professor Bethwell A. Ogot Director, Institute Of Research And Postgraduate Studies, Maseno University, Kenya.
© 2001 Constitution of Kenya Review Commission A Joyfreto Creative Solution

38. HUMAN RIGHTS IN AFRICA AND U.S. POLICY
has pitted members of the kalenjin or Maasai the domination and oppression of indigenousAfrican tribes The Unrepresented Nations and peoples Organization (UNPO
http://www.hrw.org/reports/1997/africa/
July 1994 Vol. 6, No. 6 HUMAN RIGHTS IN AFRICA AND U.S. POLICY
A special report by Human Rights Watch/Africa
for the White House Conference on Africa held June 26-27, 1994
The White House conference on Africa comes at a time when the Clinton administration's cautious response to the monstrous crime of genocide in Rwanda is increasingly under attack at home and abroad. The conference offers an opportunity for the Clinton administration to adopt a much-needed change of course on Rwanda, and to announce a new and vigorous policy toward the African continent which puts human rights in the forefront of its foreign policy agenda. In the case of Rwanda, the U.S. hung back from effective engagement in part because of fears of becoming involved in "another Somalia." But even beyond the difficult issues of how best to deploy U.N. peacekeeping forces in Rwanda, the United States failed to take the lead diplomatically, deferring instead to Rwanda's former European patrons, France and Belgium. This deference to France, in particular, is also characteristic of U.S. policy towards other African countries, such as Zaire. In the case of Zaire, France refuses to use its considerable influence to persuade President Mobutu to leave office and has been engaged more recently in efforts to rehabilitate the Zairian dictator. For the United States to have a more effective policy in Francophone Africa, the Clinton administration should come out from behind France's shadow, articulate its own human rights policy, and encourage the French government to support it.

39. Background Notes Archive - Africa
21%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, kalenjin 11%, Kamba 11 Asian, European, Arab 1%. ReligionsIndigenous beliefs 10 millennium AD, Nilotic and Bantu peoples moved into
http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bgnotes/af/kenya9803.html
Return to Africa Background Notes Archive
Return to Background Notes Archive Homepage
Return to Electronic Research Collection Homepage

40. Adherents.com: By Location
Weeks, R. (ed.), Muslim peoples A World kalenjin Location Kenya; Population110,000 ; The Keiyo Protestantism); Islam; some indigenous beliefs ; At
http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_175.html
Adherents.com - Religion by Location
Over 42,000 religious geography and religion statistics citations (membership statistics for over 4,000 different religions, denominations, tribes, etc.) for every country in the world. To Index back to Kenya, Hinduism
Kenya, continued...
Group Where Number
of
Adherents % of
total
pop. Number
of
congreg./
churches/
units Number
of
countries Year Source Quote/ Notes Hinduism Kenya *LINK* "Publisher's Desk: Hinduism Today in Africa " in Hinduism Today International (Oct. 1993, Vol. 15, No. 10) on the continent there are major Hindu populations in South Africa (1.2 million), Tanzania (60,000), Kenya (60,000), Nigeria (30,000) and Zambia (20,000) with significant communities in Zimbabwe, Somalia and Botswana. Hinduism Kenya Dostert, Pierre Etienne. Africa 1997 (The World Today Series). Harpers Ferry, West Virginia: Stryker-Post Publications (1997), pg. 174. Hinduism Kenya *LINK* Nazarene web site: Nazarene World Mission Society; (major source: Johnstone's Operation World Table "Religions " Islam Kenya Welch, Alford T. "Islam " in Hinnells, John R. (ed).

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