41. Invasive Species Control into a wellcoordinated, statewide effort that acts cooperatively, collectively,and decisively to address the problems of invasive and noxious species http://us-farm.com/Pages/profit2E.html

Producer Profitability Click on your Choice: Guiding Principle Point to Keep in Mind Challenge Current Condition ... Key to Acronyms Priority Actions: Profitability Economic Development Marketing Trade ... Education INVASIVE SPECIES CONTROL/LOSS OF "MINOR CROP" TOOLS Conclusion Need to find ways to reduce the impact on profitability caused by exotic and invasive plants, pests and diseases that often accompany shipments and passengers coming into the state Suggested Actions: Here are several ways in which this might be done: "Need special emphasis on detection and interdiction of exotic plants, insects and pests." As Mike Stuart says: "Reducing the impact of foreign plant and animal pests and diseases will require significant improvements in exclusion, detection and eradication methods. "State and federal government agencies that are responsible for protecting agriculture from the introduction of exotic pests must be provided sufficient resources at key points of entry, such as port facilities. "Penalties must be significantly increased for those who knowingly smuggle contraband products.

42. Invasive Species html Nevada invasive species Initiative Information http//www.invaders.nv.blm.gov/info.htmRangeland noxious Weeds and invasive species (University of Arizona http://eduscapes.com/42explore/invasive.htm

The Topic: Invasive Species Easier - Invasive species occur outside their natural range. They are nonnative plants and animals that harm or endanger native plants and animals or other aspects of biodiversity. Alien invasive species occur in all groups of plants and animals. They include competitors, predators, pathogens and parasites. They have invaded almost every type of native ecosystem and caused hundreds of extinctions. Harder - Whether called invasive, nonnative, alien, exotic, or non indigenous; introduced species are those life forms that have evolved elsewhere and been purposely or accidentally moved to a new location. Some have invaded habitats by themselves (e.g., migrating wildlife, plants, and animals rafting on floating debris); however, human exploration, colonization, and commercial trade have dramatically increased the diversity, scale, and impact of the invasions. Introduced species often find no natural enemies in their new habitat and therefore spread quickly and easily. Invasive species are a real threat to our environment and economy. Economic costs of nonnative species invasions in the United States reach billions of dollars each year. These biological invasions produce severe, often irreversible impacts on agriculture, recreation, and natural resources. Invasive species threaten biodiversity, habitat quality, and ecosystem function. They are the second greatest threat to native species, behind habitat destruction. They have contributed to the decline of over forty percent of U.S. endangered and threatened species. Introduced species also present an ever-increasing threat to food and fiber production.

43. INVASIVE SPECIES Faith Campbell, Ph.D., American Lands invasive species Program. WeedsWeb - Howinvasive weeds spread and Interagency Committee on Managing noxious and Exotic http://www.americanlands.org/forestweb/invasive.htm

Wood packaging EIS From: phytodoer@aol.com (Faith T. Campbell, Invasive Species Program) INVASIVE SPECIES America's forests and other ecosystems are threatened by invasions of exotic species of insects, disease pathogens, and plants. Already, insects, fungi, and disease pathogens introduced from Europe and Asia have damaged 70% of the 165 million acres of forest in the Northeast and Midwest. Exotic weeds infest a total area as large as Texas; they are damaging half our National parks and 60% of preserves managed by The Nature Conservancy. Invasive exotic species threaten nearly half of all America's imperiled species. whitebark pine in Idaho killed by white pine blister rust; photo by Dennis Ferguson, USDA Forest Service Inadequate Responses to Bio i nvasion Every day, new species are brought into the country species that may prove to be as harmful as those already wreaking such havoc. Many come in as unwanted "hitchhikers" on various types of cargo, including on imported logs, lumber and wood chips; in wooden packing crates and pallets; on imported plants, fruits, and cut flowers; in ships' ballast water; even attached to the ships and planes themselves.

44. RGJ.com - Nevada Launches Campaign To Combat Weeds, Invasive Species State officials are launching a new campaign to encourage the public to helpcombat noxious weeds, killer bees and other invasive species by reporting http://www.rgj.com/news2/stories/news/989209684.html

// adkey = 'news/local', adPos = 'Top', adSite = 'www.rgj.com' Now: forecast News Local/National Sports ... Jobs Detailed Search The RGJ Subscribe Advertising Job Openings Contact Us Nevada launches campaign to combat weeds, invasive species Associated Press Sunday May 6th, 2001 Would you like to... Email this story Print this story Related Websites... Nevada Invasive Species Initiative External Sites are not endorsed by RGJ.com. Note: Pages will open in a new browser window. State officials are launching a new campaign to encourage the public to help combat noxious weeds, killer bees and other invasive species by reporting sightings to the Nevada Agriculture Department. “The invasion of noxious species is like an explosion in slow motion,’” said Bob Abbey, state director of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management and member of the Nevada Invasive Species Council. The council’s new public awareness and action campaign is aimed at spotting invaders so they can be eradicated or controlled before the invasion gets out of hand. “We need local residents to help us find these pests so we can attack before they take hold and become too difficult and expensive to remove,” said Karen Hinton, dean and director of the University of Nevada Cooperative Extension.

45. Statement By Bruce Babbitt On Invasive Alien Species Babbitt on invasive Alien species. Science in Wildland Weed Management Symposium,Denver, CO, April 8, 1998 The invasion of noxious alien species wreaks a http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/press/bbstat.htm

Statement by Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt on Invasive Alien Species "Science in Wildland Weed Management" Symposium, Denver, CO, April 8, 1998 "The invasion of noxious alien species wreaks a level of havoc on America’s environment and economy that is matched only by by damage caused by floods, earthquakes, mudslides, hurricanes, and wildfire. These aliens are quiet opportunists, spreading in a slow motion explosion. Each year noxious weeds exact an ever-heavier toll: Farmers and ranchers spend more than $5 billion just for control. Losses to crop and rangeland productivity exceed $7 billion. Weeds infest 100 million acres in the U.S., spread at 14 percent per year, and on public lands consume 4,600 acres of wildlife habitat per day. They diminish or cause the extinction of native plants and animals, a third of all listed species. They homogenize the diversity of creation. They ignore borders and property lines. No place is immune. Consider the damage done by purple loosetrife, a beautiful, seemingly harmless flower one might be pleased to find in a meadow. But not for long. For this species, found in 36 states, costs $45 million to manage. To bring this into a statewide perspective, consider that Florida spends $11 million each year to manage water hyacinth. Tropical soda apple, first reported in Florida, now covers 370,000 acres and costs the state $28 million. In the past it was, again, much easier for an individual, a state, a federal agency to dismiss this invasion as someone else's problem. And so the weeds slowly, silently, almost invisibly, but steadily spread all around us until, literally encircled, we can no longer turn our backs on it. The invasion is now our problem. Our battle. Our enemy.

46. Noxious Algae Found In Southern California Coastal Waters noxious SEAWEED FOUND IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA COASTAL WATERS. An aggressive cloneof this species has already proven to be highly invasive in the http://swr.nmfs.noaa.gov/hcd/CAULERPA.htm

NOXIOUS SEAWEED FOUND IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA COASTAL WATERS Rachel Woodfield Dubbed "killer algae," the alien seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia was discovered in June 2000 in a coastal lagoon in Carlsbad, California, within San Diego County. An aggressive clone of this species has already proven to be highly invasive in the Mediterranean Sea, where the governments of France, Spain, Monaco, and Italy have been unable to control its spread. The first confirmed American occurrence of this invasive species in California has caused considerable alarm. The resulting press coverage of the issue led to discovery of a second infestation of Caulerpa taxifolia in Huntington Harbour in Orange County (about 75 miles north of the Carlsbad occurrence). Genetic studies have determined these two infestations to be of the same clone threatening the Mediterranean Sea. Efforts are underway to eradicate Caulerpa taxifolia from California and control its spread before the infestation reaches the magnitude seen in the Mediterranean. Caulerpa taxifolia is a green alga native to tropical waters that typically grows to small size and in limited patches. In the late 1970s this species attracted attention as a fast-growing and decorative aquarium species that became popular in the saltwater aquarium trade. A clone of the species was cultured for display at the Stuttgart Aquarium in Germany and provided to aquariums in France and Monaco. Around 1984 this species apparently escaped or was released from an aquarium into Mediterranean waters, and rapidly spread from an initial patch of about one square yard to over two acres by 1989. Meinesz reports that by 1997 it blanketed more than 11,000 acres of the northern Mediterranean coastline and has recently been reported off northern Africa. Genetic analysis suggests that all

47. Websites Related To Invasive Plants National Biological Information Infrastructure – Council on invasive species.Policy. Federal Interagency Committee for the Management of noxious and Exotic http://www.ct.nrcs.usda.gov/landscp/invasive/websites.htm

U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service Reference List Websites Related to Invasive Plants Identification USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database European Centre for Nature Conservation – Saxifraga Slide Collection Flora of Europe – A Photographic Herbarium University of Pennsylvania’s Flora Database ... The Weed Science Society of America Control The Nature Conservancy – Wildland Invasive Species Program National Biological Information Infrastructure - National Invasive Species Information System University of Florida - Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants Cornell University, Department of Natural Resources – Biological Control of Non-Indigenous Plant Species ... National Park Service – Alien Plant Invaders of Natural Areas Lists California Exotic Pest Plant Council Connecticut Invasive Plant Working Group Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council Vermont Agency of Natural Resources Department of Environmental Conservation – Aquatic Nuisance Species ... University of Hawaii, Botany Department – Hawaiian Alien Plant Studies Native Plants The Connecticut College Arboretum National Park Service – Plant Conservation Alliance Councils Washington Native Plant Society – Pacific Northwest Exotic Pest Plant Council Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council California Exotic Pest Plant Council Southeast Exotic Plant Pest Council ... National Biological Information Infrastructure – Council on Invasive Species Policy

48. Invasive Plant Alert plants are classified as noxious in BC or are recognized as being so in other jurisdictions.Some species are close relatives of known invasive plants and may http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/cropprot/invasiveplant.htm

Invasive Plant Alert Prevent the Escape of Aggressive Plants A threat to BC’s resources Wild flowers or Invasive Noxious Weeds? Foreign plant species escaping from the garden or landscape can have a devastating impact on native plants and animals. Please help in protecting the natural environment of British Columbia! BC’s noxious weeds are typically exotic or non-native plants that have been introduced to this province without their natural predators. Left unchecked, these weeds destroy our native plant and animal habitat. They are among the top cause for losses in the natural diversity of our environment, and are devastating to the economy. Weeds cause crop losses well in excess of $50 million annually in BC. Impact Invasive plants have the capacity to move into a habitat and reproduce so aggressively that they displace the original vegetation. They: crowd out native plants, including rare and endangered species destroy wildlife habitat reduce crop yields (on average 10 to 15 %) reduce crop quality (taint food products with off flavours, toxic berries, spines, etc.)

49. EPA: Federal Register: Integrated Treatment Of Noxious And Invasive Weeds Within an integrated treatment of noxious and invasive weeds within 1. Treatment of infestationsof noxious weeds that not currently identified on the species list or http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/2001/June/Day-26/i15941.htm

Federal Register Environmental Documents Recent Additions Contact Us Print Version Search: EPA Home Federal Register FR Years FR Months ... and Regulations Integrated Treatment of Noxious and Invasive Weeds Within the Coconino, Kaibab, and Prescott National Forests mailroom_r3_kaibab@fs.fed.us EPA Home Privacy and Security Notice Contact Us

50. Invasive Species Links noxious Weeds Home Page. Aquatic species. Watershed Academy 2000 InvasiveNonNative species Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water http://www.desertmuseum.org/desert/invasive_Linkstext.html

*Please note: There are quite literally hundreds of Web sites about invasive species, the species they endanger, and related ecosystem-level problems. The selection on this page attempts to focus on sources with particular relevance to the Sonoran Desert Region and the greater Southwest/Borderlands region, and includes links to a few sites that will lead to much broader coverage of these issues. Some of the links on this page appear elsewhere in this Web site; some of them may not allow you to return to the Invasive Species in Sonoran Desert Ecosystems site - please visit again. Invasive species and related issues in the Sonoran Desert Region: An Illustrated Guide to Arizona Weeds by Kittie F. Parker, The University of Arizona Press, Tucson (A Complete Online Edition of the Printed Book) Grassland Ecosystems University of Arizona College of Agriculture - AgNIC (Agriculture Network Information Center) Rangeland Noxious Weeds: Information about noxious weeds and their control on rangelands Noxious Weeds: a Disaster Looking for a Place to Happen in Arizona!! Noxious Weeds II: What Can You Do To Stop a Disaster in Arizona? "The Threat of Exotic Grasses to the Biodiversity of Semiarid Ecosystems" , by Dan James, The Arid Lands Newsletter Spring/Summer 1995, Issue No. 37

51. Invasive Species Memorandum of noxious species. As defined within the executive order, dogs, cats, wheat,barley, rice, and domesticated livestock could be considered invasive alien http://www.libertymatters.org/new_page_52.htm

52. UF Smathers Libraries Subject Guide: Invasive Species of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service has an extensive section onInvasive and noxious Plants. The Sea Grant Nonindigenous species Site (SGNIS http://web.uflib.ufl.edu/msl/invspecies.html

George A. Smathers Libraries Subject Guide: Invasive Species Marston Science Library Introduction Information is provided here on invasive species , both animals and plants. Other terms to use when searching for information on this subject include biological invasions, plant invasions, invasive plants, alien plants, plant introduction, exotic plants, and nonindigenous. Animals or pests or species may be substituted for plants in most of these search term examples. Internet Resources for invasive species (listed below). UF Library Resources for invasive species government documents and laws (listed below). UF Library Resources for selected invasive species publications (listed below). Internet Resources United States The Nation's Invasive Species Information System contains invasive species data and resources by and for researchers, scientists, land and resource managers, public and private sector agencies, and concerned citizens. Developed in accordance with Executive Order 13112 on Invasive Species, the site includes the final version of the National Management Plan for invasive species, and

53. BLM Colorado - BLM National List Of Invasive Weed Species Of Concern It is an invasive species that requires a concerted effort (manpower and resources)to remove noxious weeds refer to those plant species which have http://www.co.blm.gov/botany/invasiweed.htm

Skip Navigation Links BLM National List of Invasive Weed Species of Concern The definition of "weed " is always debatable. Traditional definitions include "plants out of place" or "plants that by their presence conflict with management objectives for the site." The defintition included here also tries to incorporate the concepts of public land health and sustainability. A weed is defined as "a non native plant that disrupts or has the potential to disrupt or alter the natural ecosystem function, composition and diversity of the site it occupies. It 's presence deteriorates the health of the site , it makes effecient use of natural resources difficult and it may interfere with management objectives for that site. It is an invasive species that requires a concerted effort (manpower and resources) to remove from its current location, if it can be removed at all. " This definition is adapted from Noss and Cooperider (1994) and Beck (personal communication).

54. ARS | Publication Request: The Response Of Invasive And Noxious Weeds To The Inc the response of six known noxious weeds; yellow higher than that reported for cropspecies, suggesting the one factor in the spread of these invasive species. http://www.nps.ars.usda.gov/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=130290

55. Ely Field Office, Bureau Of Land Management - Invasive Species invasive species are noxious weeds, insects, and plant diseases non-native toNevada - that raise havoc with the environment, economy, and public health. http://www.nv.blm.gov/Ely/invasive.htm

Tri-County Weed Control Program The Tri-County Weed Control Program sponsored a "Logo Contest." Students from White Pine, Lincoln and Nye counties were asked to design a logo for use on the county weed control vehicles. Over 200 entries were received. Click here to view some of the posters that were submitted Invasive species are noxious weeds, insects, and plant diseases - non-native to Nevada - that raise havoc with the environment, economy, and public health. There are many types of invasive species throughout the Ely District. Noxious weeds are the most commonly seen invasive species. Currently there are several programs in place to help combat the spread of noxious weeds. Below is a list of some of the noxious weeds in our district. Black Henbane Hyoscyamus niger Canada Thistle Cirsium arvense Dalmation Toadflax Linaria genistifolia Hoary Cress Cardaria draba Leafy Spurge Euphorbia esula Musk Thistle Carduus nutans Perennial Pepperweed Lepidium latifolium Russian Knapweed Centaurea repens Saltcedar Tamarix ramosissima Scotch Thistle Onapordum acanthium Spotted Knapweed Centaurea maculosa Yellow Toadflax Linaria vulgaris Bureau of Land Management Ely Field Office 702 North Industrial Way Ely, Nevada 89301

56. Invasion Of Undesirable Plant Species (Weeds) officially recognised as Federal noxious Weeds and many more species are designatedon State noxious Weed lists. Experts estimate that invasive plants already http://lead.virtualcentre.org/en/dec/toolbox/Grazing/InvWeed.htm

Invasion of Undesirable Plant Species (Weeds) After initial introduction, invasive plants are capable of spreading to cover large areas. This invasion poses a serious threat to the integrity and productivity of rangelands. An example from the United States serves to illustrate the nature and extent of the problem (Box 1), but the problem itself occurs world-wide. Environmental Assessment: Pressure State Response Indicators Policy Pressures and Policy Options Technology Options Box 1 Of the thousands introduced plant species currently established in the United States, 1400 are scientifically recognised as pests. Ninety of these species are officially recognised as Federal Noxious Weeds and many more species are designated on State Noxious Weed lists. Experts estimate that invasive plants already infest well over 100 million acres and continue to increase by 8 to 20 percent annually. This means 3 million acres, an area twice the size of the state of Delaware, may be lost to invasive plants each year. In particular, invasive plants are recognised as a direct threat to agricultural production and biodiversity in the United States. Invasive plants adversely impact croplands, rangelands, forests, parks, preserves, wilderness areas, wildlife refuges and urban spaces. The habitat of two-thirds of all threatened and endangered species is threatened by invasive species.

57. 2001 Invasive Species Activities, Partners For Fish And Wildlife, Mountain-Prair primary invasive introduced species include smooth brome grass and Kentucky bluegrass. These species quickly dominate native grassland species. noxious weeds http://mountain-prairie.fws.gov/pfw/r6pfw15.htm

FEATURE STORIES OVERVIEW ACCOMPLISHMENTS PARTNERS ... WYOMING FEATURE STORY Invasive Species Activities Invasive non-native plants species are an increasing threat to native populations of plants and animals. Exotic plant species introduced into favorable habitats can reproduce in large numbers; their populations often literally explode. This is primarily due to the fact that many non-native species are more aggressive and adaptable because they have no natural predators and readily replace the native plants. Restoration of native grasses and forbs on cropland is a major activity to control invasive plants. The seeding of native plant communities on cropland supports the recovery of grassland dependent birds; expands the potential for recruitment of ground nesting ducks; and reduces the need for chemical herbicide application. Wyoming In the North Platte River area of Wyoming, the Partners Program worked with one landowner to develop a rotational grazing system on 5,000 acres of upland and riparian habitat to control invasive cheatgrass . Historic use of the ranch encouraged a conversion of native shortgrass prairie to non-native cheatgrass. The monotypic stand of cheatgrass directly effects the number and diversity of wildlife species inhabiting the ranch. The grazing system was developed to pressure the cheatgrass at critical times allowing the native grasses and forbs to respond and outcompete the cheatgrass.

58. WERC-Invasive Species Weed Research and Information Center; Information on California's noxious Weeds;Weed Science Society of America; Global invasive species Programme; NatureNet The http://www.werc.usgs.gov/invasivespecies/invasive-links.html

Invasive Species Related Links USGS: Invasive Species (articles from People, Land and Water) Nonindigenous Species USGS Southwest Exotic Plant Mapping Program California Exotic Pest Plant Council ... Accessibility Comments to: webmaster@werc.usgs.gov URL: http://www.werc.usgs.gov/invasivespecies/invasive-links.html Last update: 04 March 2003

59. Weed Species noxious invasive Weed species To Be Controlled. Listed below areweed species descriptions, distribution, problems, and possible http://www.johnson-county.com/secondaryroads/WeedComm/WeedSpecies/WeedSpecies.ht

60. Invasive Species Service's site for viewing Federal and state noxious weed lists, an invasive plantlist, or PIER) Listings and descriptions of plant species that threaten http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/adap2/hottopics/invasive_species.htm

Keeping our islands safe from outside pests is a full time job. Here are some links that might help in your attempts to manage outbreaks of different pests. Animal Pests (Includes information on vertebrate fauna) Weed Pests (Includes information on non-indigenous plants) Non-native Insects and Other Invertebrates Introduced Marine Pests Support Sites Animal Pests America's Least Wanted: Alien Species Invasions of U.S. Ecosystems A publication of The Nature Conservancy. Environment Australia The Endangered Species Program of Environment Australia aims to prevent further extinctions of Australian fauna and flora, and to restore endangered species and ecological communities to a secure status in the wild. One way is through threat abatement plans for species such as feral cats, rabbits, and goats. Harmful Non-Indigenous Species in the United States "An assessment of harmful, non-indigenous species in the U.S., technological issues regarding decision-making and species management, and institutional and policy framework." Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk (HEAR) "Provides technology, methods, and information to decision-makers, resource managers, and the general public to aid in the fight against harmful alien species in Hawaii and the Pacific."

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