81. History Today - Andromeda History Encyclopedia founded in about 1753 when the defeated bambara opponents of more Kurds Indigenouspeople of more kurgan Distinctive barrow of the steppe peoples of southern http://www.historytoday.com/index.cfm?articleid=468

82. Antiquity Of Man East & West African Complex Societies political disturbances created by the bambara and Fulani inhabited and ruled by theindigenous Zandj population. development of the coastal peoples is provided http://www.antiquityofman.com/Complex_WA_EA.html

The Antiquity of Man Exploring human evolution and the dawn of civilisation Introduction AOM book Courses Ancient Egypt ... Contact The similarities and differences between the rise of complex societies in West and East Africa by Mikey Brass Two sides of the African continent, involved in two separate economic spheres, are bound to inevitably produce differences between the origins of their complex societies. The influence of the trade networks will vary as well the extent to which the settlements will owe their origins to native or external processes. Yet these self-same processes allow parallels and distinctions to be drawn between the regions under consideration, West and East Africa. THE INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT OF JENNE-JENO As a result of McIntosh and McIntosh’s precessual archaeological approach to excavating Jenne-Jeno and its hinterland, it has been demonstrated that instead of developing as a result of the trans-Saharan trade, Jenne-Jeno was an indigenous town possessing much earlier origins (Hall 1996: 221). THE INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT OF GHANA Although the Ghana Empire is the earliest historically documented kingdom in the West African Sahel, it is in fact the second complex political system that arose in this area (Munson 1980: 457). The historical records of Ghana come from Arab sources dating between 800 and 1650 AD, but Ghana had been in existence for long before then and was centred in the present-day Sahal region of south-eastern Mauritania and western Mali. (Munson 1980: 457).

83. PRECOLONIAL METALWORKING IN AFRICA : A BIBLIOGRAPHY. PRECOLONIAL METALWORKING IN africa A BIBLIOGRAPHY. MILLER T. MAGGS Originally compiled by Dr Tim Maggs and staff of the Natal Museum, Private Bag 9070, Pietermaritzburg 3200, South africa. http://www.uct.ac.za/depts/age/material/metbib.htm

PRECOLONIAL METALWORKING IN AFRICA : A BIBLIOGRAPHY. Originally compiled by Dr Tim Maggs and staff of the Natal Museum, Private Bag 9070, Pietermaritzburg 3200, South Africa. Maintained and updated by Dr Duncan Miller, Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa. This version dated: 30 May 1998 June 1, 1998. The archaeology of Africa - food, metals and towns :750-833. London: Routledge) which contains numerous references not listed below. If you find this bibliography useful please cite it as a reference in publication as: Pre-colonial metalworking in Africa, especially southern Africa: a bibliography :1-67. Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town (African Studies Library). ABUKAKAR, N. 1992. Metallurgy in northern Nigeria: Zamfara metal industry in the 19th century. In Thomas-Emeagwali, G. ed Science and technology in African history with case studies from Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Zimbabwe, and Zambia :55-78. Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press. ACKERMAN, D. 1983. Marale van groot argeologiese belang.

84. Joseph Kenny OP: THE SPREAD OF ISLAM..., Bibliography: WEST AFRICA JIHAD PERIOD peoples and empires http://www.op.org/nigeriaop/kenny/nwafr/Bib10Jihad.htm

WEST AFRICA JIHAD PERIOD (17-19th c.) `Umar b. Sa`îd al-Fûtî at-Tûrî al-Kadawî, al-Hâjj Rimâh hizb ar-rahîm `alâ nuhûr hizb ar-rajîm Cairo n.d Abun-Nasr, J.M. The Tijaniyya, a Sufi order in the modern world London: Royal Institute of Int. Affairs 1965 Adamu, Muhammad Uba “Some notes on the influence of North African traders in Kano” Kano Studies Ajayi, J.F.A. “West African states at the beginning of the 19th c.” in his A thousand years Ayandele, E.A. “Observations on some social and economic aspects of slavery in pre-colonial Northern Nigeria” Journal of Economic and Social Studies L’empire peul du Macina IFAN 1955; Paris 1962 Bah, Therno Mouctar “Samba Ndiaye, ingenieur des armées toucouleur d’el Hadj Omar” JHSN Barry, B. “La guerre des marabouts dans la région du fleuve Sénégal de 1673 à 1677" BIFAN Barry, B. Le royaume du Waalo; le Sénégal avant la conquête Paris 1972 Batrân, `Abdal`azîz Sidi al-Mukhtâr al-Kuntî and the recrudescence of Islam in the western Sudan and the middle Niger, c. 1750-1811 Ph.D. thesis, U. of Birmingham 1971 Batrân, `Abdal`azîz “The Qadiryya-Mukhtaryya Brotherhood in West Africa: the concept of

85. Search The University Of North Texas Media Library Catalog Multimedia Audience level Language http://libmed.library.unt.edu/display/176/idx770?kw=religion

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